Table 3.

Diseases causing livedo racemosa

Affected vessels: capillaries (c), postcapillary venules (pv), arterioles/arteries (a), veins (v)
Vasculitic
▸Polyarteritis nodosa (a) ▸Nodular vasculitis (erythema induratum) (a) ▸Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) (pv = a) ▸Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg‐Strauss syndrome) (pv = a) ▸Microscopic polyangiitis (pv = a) ▸Takayasu's arteritis (in rare cases of acute occlusion of the affected vessel) (a) ▸Sepsis (disseminated intravascular coagulation) (c > pv)

Non‐vasculitic

▸Sneddon syndrome (a) ▸Systemic lupus erythematosus (c = pv = a) ▸Anti‐phospholipid syndrome (Hughes syndrome) (c = pv = a) ▸Calciphylaxis (a) ▸Cholesterol embolus (a) ▸Arteriosclerosis/arteriolosclerosis (a) ▸Stroke (via neurohumoral pathways) (a) ▸Coagulopathies as protein S & C, AT‐III or tPA deficiency (pv = a) ▸Livedovasculopathy (c > pv) ▸Thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia (c > pv) ▸Cryoglobulins (c > pv) ▸Cold agglutinins (c > pv) ▸Levamisole (cocaine adulterant) 14 (c > pv) ▸Neurofibromatosis (a) ▸Fibromuscular dysplasia (a) ▸Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (congenital livedo, van Lohuizen syndrome; usually causes livedo reticularis) (c < pv)