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Tnfα mRNA expression of J774A.1 macrophages after 2 hr of direct ES, LPS treatment, and LPS treatment with simultaneous direct ES. Error bars represent upper and lower 95% confidence limits (n = 6). *, #, and & represent p < .05 (two‐way analysis of variance with Tukey's multiple comparisons test) when compared with the control (nonstimulated), 2‐hr ES, and LPS Treatment groups, respectively. ES, electrical stimulation; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; mRNA, messenger RNA
