Figure 4.

miR‐132 overexpression modulates TGF‐β pathway. The stimulation of primary human fetal astrocytes with TGF‐β1 resulted in higher expression of TGFB1 (p < .01), TGFB2 (p < .001), TGFBR1 (p < .001), THBS1 (p < .01), MMP2 (p < .001), MMP14 (p < .001), and miR‐132 (p < .001) as compared to non‐stimulated control (a); the higher expression of TGFB2 was attenuated by miR‐132 mimic transfection (p < .05) after TGF‐β1 stimulation (b); no change was found in expression of SMAD2 (c) and THBS1 (d); the expression of TGFBR2 was higher after miR‐132 transfection (p < .001) (e); western blot analysis showed that the expression of TGF‐β2 protein was lower (p < .01) after miR‐132 transfection (f, g); the data was normalized to the stimulated control condition and the dotted line indicates non‐stimulated control; veh, vehicle (Lipofectamine 2000); α‐132 indicates antagomir; n = 5 for RT‐qPCR, n = 3 for western blot, Mann–Whitney U test, *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001