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Relative change in the expression of (A) TNF‐α, (B) CXCL8, (C) CCL3, (D) IL‐10, (E) IL‐18, and (F) IL‐1β in human IL‐12p70–negative monocytes upon treatment with galanin, compared with vehicle‐treated cells. The numbers of independent experiments were: 1 nM (n = 10), 3 nM (n = 12), 10 nM (n = 9), 100 nM (n = 9), and 1000 nM (n = 8). Values are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 indicates significant fold‐difference of mRNA expression compared with vehicle‐treated cells.
