Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of new users of dapagliflozin vs other glucose‐lowering drugs (oGLD), propensity score matched 1:3
| Dapagliflozin N = 6207 | oGLD N = 18 621 | Standardized difference (%)a | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (SD) | 66.1 (7.5) | 66.2 (8.0) | 0.4 |
| Sex, female, n (%) | 2077 (33.5%) | 6287 (33.8%) | 0.5 |
| Years since first glucose‐lowering drug (SD) | 7.3 (3.1) | 7.4 (3.0) | 3.2 |
| Healthcare cost | |||
| Total healthcare cost last 12 months | 3922.5 (7541.5) | 3843.2 (7719.7) | 1.0 |
| Hospital care cost | 2805.9 (7336.2) | 2763.8 (7552.4) | 0.6 |
| Glucose‐lowering drug cost | 732.6 (784.6) | 698.7 (812.9) | 4.2 |
| Other drugs cost | 383.9 (425.9) | 380.7 (488.8) | 0.7 |
| Total healthcare cost last 3 months | 1013.5 (3483.6) | 978.8 (2405.1) | 1.2 |
| Hospital care cost | 728.7 (3450.2) | 705.1 (2367.0) | 0.8 |
| Glucose‐lowering drug cost | 185.8 (228.4) | 176.0 (236.0) | 4.2 |
| Other drugs cost | 99.0 (126.9) | 97.7 (160.8) | 0.9 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 2035 (32.8%) | 6289 (33.8%) | 1.7 |
| Myocardial infarction | 793 (12.8%) | 2366 (12.7%) | 0.2 |
| Unstable angina | 397 (6.4%) | 1172 (6.3%) | 0.3 |
| Angina pectoris | 962 (15.5%) | 2840 (15.3%) | 0.6 |
| Heart failure | 504 (8.1%) | 1496 (8.0%) | 0.3 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 607 (9.8%) | 1802 (9.7%) | 0.3 |
| Stroke | 615 (9.9%) | 1918 (10.3%) | 1.1 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 355 (5.7%) | 1099 (5.9%) | 0.6 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 71 (1.1%) | 224 (1.2%) | 0.4 |
| Microvascular complications | 2276 (36.7%) | 6894 (37.0%) | 0.6 |
| Severe hypoglycemia | 31 (0.5%) | 105 (0.6%) | 0.7 |
| Lower limb amputations | 25 (0.4%) | 81 (0.4%) | 0.4 |
| Glucose‐lowering drugs | |||
| Metformin | 4898 (78.9%) | 15 009 (80.6%) | 3.5 |
| Sulphonylurea | 1494 (24.1%) | 4653 (25.0%) | 1.7 |
| DPP‐4i | 1628 (26.2%) | 4812 (25.8%) | 0.7 |
| GLP‐1RA | 1003 (16.2%) | 2784 (15.0%) | 2.7 |
| Meglitinides | 314 (5.1%) | 965 (5.2%) | 0.5 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 149 (2.4%) | 436 (2.3%) | 0.3 |
| Acarbose | 45 (0.7%) | 144 (0.8%) | 0.5 |
| Insulin | 2611 (42.1%) | 7795 (41.9%) | 0.3 |
| Short‐acting | 1011 (16.3%) | 2970 (15.9%) | 0.8 |
| Intermediate‐acting | 1182 (19.0%) | 3548 (19.1%) | 0.0 |
| Premixed insulin | 709 (11.4%) | 2127 (11.4%) | 0.0 |
| Long‐acting | 1011 (16.3%) | 2980 (16.0%) | 0.6 |
| CV risk treatment | 6207 (100.0%) | 18 621 (100.0%) | N/A |
| Low‐dose aspirin | 2683 (43.2%) | 8000 (43.0%) | 0.4 |
| Statins | 4770 (76.8%) | 14 397 (77.3%) | 0.9 |
| Antihypertensives | 5627 (90.7%) | 16 901 (90.8%) | 0.3 |
| ACE inhibitors | 2564 (41.3%) | 7718 (41.4%) | 0.2 |
| ARB | 2712 (43.7%) | 8135 (43.7%) | 0.0 |
| Dihydropyridines | 2444 (39.4%) | 7308 (39.2%) | 0.2 |
| Thiazides | 552 (8.9%) | 1637 (8.8%) | 0.3 |
| Beta blockers | 3198 (51.5%) | 9533 (51.2%) | 0.5 |
| Loop diuretics | 1070 (17.2%) | 3228 (17.3%) | 0.2 |
| Aldosterone antagonists | 427 (6.9%) | 1260 (6.8%) | 0.4 |
| Warfarin | 436 (7.0%) | 1336 (7.2%) | 0.5 |
| Receptor P2Y12 antagonists | 424 (6.8%) | 1279 (6.9%) | 0.1 |
All numbers in parenthesis are percentage if not stated otherwise.
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CV, cardiovascular; DPP‐4i, dipeptidyl‐peptidase‐4 inhibitors; GLP‐1RA, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists; oGLD, other glucose lowering drugs; SD, standard deviation; SGLT‐2i, Sodium‐glucose‐cotransporter‐2‐inhibitors.
a
Standardized difference of >10% is considered to represent a non‐negligible group imbalance.