Table 1.
Patients’ perioperative characteristics
| Data | Total (n = 268) | Non‐IAI (n = 230) | IAI (n = 38) | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 156 (58.21) | 135 (58.70) | 21 (55.26) | 0.691 |
| Female | 112 (41.79) | 95 (41.30) | 17 (44.74) | |
| Age, years | 54.82 ± 12.61 | 54.42 ± 12.96 | 57.28 ± 10.08 | 0.194 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 23.82 ± 3.69 | 23.84 ± 3.64 | 23.67 ± 4.08 | 0.798 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| DM | 59 (22.01) | 49 (21.30) | 10 (26.32) | 0.490 |
| Hypertension | 97 (36.19) | 82 (35.65) | 15 (39.47) | 0.650 |
| Dyslipidemia | 33 (12.31) | 28 (12.17) | 5 (13.16) | 0.864 |
| CKD | 2 (0.75) | 2 (0.87) | 0 | 0.999 |
| Viral hepatitis | 63 (23.51) | 55 (23.91) | 8 (21.05) | 0.700 |
| COPD | 6 (2.24) | 6 (2.61) | 0 | 0.314 |
| Cirrhosis | 10 (3.73) | 8 (3.48) | 2 (5.26) | 0.591 |
| ASA class, n = 265 | ||||
| I | 25 (9.43) | 24 (10.53) | 1 (2.70) | 0.034 |
| II | 98 (36.98) | 84 (36.84) | 14 (37.84) | |
| III | 125 (47.17) | 109 (47.81) | 16 (43.24) | |
| IV | 17 (6.42) | 11 (4.82) | 6 (16.22) | |
| Smoking | 99 (36.94) | 85 (36.96) | 14 (36.84) | 0.989 |
| Cholangitis | 6 (2.24) | 6 (2.61) | 0 | 0.599 |
| Previous biliary intervention | 41 (15.30) | 28 (12.17) | 13 (34.11) | 0.000 |
| Platelet count ×103, n = 265 | 248 (87, 703) | 244 (87, 669) | 284 (108, 703) | 0.168 |
| Hb, g/dl, n = 261 | 12.8 (5.7, 40.9) | 12.9 (5.7, 40.9) | 12.1 (7.9, 15.1) | 0.015 |
| BUN, mg/dl, n = 256 | 12 (4, 43) | 12 (4, 43) | 13 (8, 40) | 0.245 |
| AST, U/l, n = 254 | 37 (8, 378) | 36.5 (8, 378) | 57 (10, 220) | 0.003 |
| ALT, U/l, n = 253 | 43 (10, 229) | 41 (10, 229) | 58.5 (13, 221) | 0.000 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dl, n = 210 | 199.30 ± 48.85 | 203.02 ± 49.67 | 174.46 ± 44.34 | 0.004 |
| eGFR, n = 258 | 91.53 (4.55, 133.50) | 92.05 (4.55, 133.5) | 80.00 (30.34, 129.96) | 0.077 |
| PT, n = 239 | 12.10 (9.70, 27.00) | 12.00 (9.70, 27.00) | 12.90 (10.00, 18.10) | 0.015 |
| TB, mg/dl, n = 242 | 0.6 (0.2, 24.7) | 0.6 (0.2, 24.7) | 0.7 (0.2, 5.1) | 0.293 |
| PNI, n = 214 | 93.78 ± 34.36 | 94.34 ± 34.85 | 90.50 ± 31.65 | 0.566 |
| PLR, n = 217 | 140..35 (49.49, 625.07) | 137.75 (49.49, 587.32) | 155.26 (63.98, 625.07) | 0.222 |
| NLR, n = 217 | 2.14 (0.57, 30.66) | 2.14 (0.57, 30.67) | 2.46 (0.80, 21.5) | 0.376 |
| Albumin, g/l, n = 261 | 37.2 (21.7, 49) | 37.7 (22.2, 49) | 33.1 (21.7, 45.7) | 0.000 |
| ≥35 | 173 (66.28) | 156 (69.64) | 17 (45.95) | 0.005 |
| <35 | 88 (33.72) | 68 (30.36) | 20 (54.05) | |
| ICG‐R15, n = 110 | 11.40 (0.1, 53.8) | 11.3 (0.1, 53.8) | 11.9 (1.9, 36.6) | 0.416 |
| NAF score, n = 267 | ||||
| A (normal‐mild malnutrition) | 192 (71.91) | 167 (72.93) | 25 (65.79) | 0.365 |
| B (moderate malnutrition) | 75 (28.09) | 62 (27.07) | 13 (34.21) | |
| Diagnosis | ||||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 84 (31.34) | 73 (31.74) | 11 (28.95) | 0.144 |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 89 (33.21) | 69 (30.00) | 20 (52.63) | |
| Liver metastasis | 50 (18.66) | 45 (19.57) | 5 (13.16) | |
| Hepatolithiasis | 3 (1.12) | 2 (0.87) | 1 (2.63) | |
| Liver abscess | 1 (0.37) | 1 (0.43) | 0 | |
| Liver donor | 22 (8.21) | 22 (9.57) | 0 | |
| Benign hepatic tumor | 10 (3.73) | 9 (3.91) | 1 (2.63) | |
| Gallbladder cancer | 1 (0.37) | 1 (0.43) | 0 | |
| Hepatic cyst | 8 (2.99) | 8 (3.48) | 0 | |
| Biliary reconstruction, n = 265 | 4 (1.51) | 3 (1.32) | 1 (2.63) | 0.464 |
| Operative time, min | 411.30 ± 150.69 | 395.16 ± 145.78 | 512.63 ± 143.09 | 0.000 |
| Blood loss, ml | 1,200 (50, 32,000) | 1,000 (50, 3,200) | 1,800 (300, 16,000) | 0.000 |
| Antibiotic coated suture material, n = 220 | ||||
| Antibiotic coated | 206 (93.64) | 178 (93.19) | 28 (96.55) | 0.700 |
| Non‐antibiotic coated | 14 (6.36) | 13 (6.81) | 1 (3.45) | |
| Closure suture material, n = 219 | ||||
| Monofilament | 96 (43.84) | 79 (41.36) | 17 (60.71) | 0.054 |
| Multifilament | 123 (56.16) | 112 (58.64) | 11 (39.29) | |
| Bile leakage | ||||
| No | 235 (87.69) | 205 (89.13) | 30 (78.95) | 0.077 |
| Yes | 33 (12.31) | 25 (10.87) | 8 (21.05) | |
| Treatment, n = 267 | ||||
| Stitch off | 7 (2.62) | 5 (2.18) | 2 (5.26) | 0.271 |
| PCD | 18 (6.74) | 5 (2.18) | 13 (34.21) | 0.000 |
| Reoperation | 6 (2.25) | 1 (0.44) | 5 (13.16) | 0.000 |
| LOH, days | 11 (3, 106) | 11 (3, 106) | 24.5 (7, 90) | 0.000 |
| Readmission | 8 (2.99) | 2 (0.87) | 6 (15.79) | 0.000 |
| Death | 13 (4.85) | 7 (3.04) | 6 (15.79) | 0.001 |
Data are presented as n (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median (range)
ALT alanine aminotransferase, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, AST aspartate aminotransferase, BMI body mass index, BUN blood urea nitrogen, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DM diabetes mellitus, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, Hb hemoglobin, IAI intra‐abdominal infection, ICG‐R15 indocyanine green retention test at 15 min, LOH length of hospital stay, NAF nutritional alert form, NLR neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, PCD percutaneous drainage, PLR platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, PNI prognostic nutritional index, PT prothrombin time, TB total bilirubin