Table 4.
Estimates of absolute and relative inequalities in the prevalence and the utilisation of disease management services in type 2 diabetes
| Disease prevalence | Screening | Medication | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | ||||||
| SPR (95% CI)* | 7.2 | 6.6–7.8 | 11.2 | 10.4–12.0 | 13.0 | 10.0–16.6 |
| Household Consumption | ||||||
| SPR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Quintile 1 (poorest) | 4.41 | 3.38–5.66 | 4.73 | 3.62–6.07 | 2.41 | 0.22–8.93 |
| Quintile 2 | 7.94 | 6.52–9.57 | 8.28 | 6.83–9.94 | 15.86 | 9.23–35.32 |
| Quintile 3 | 5.52 | 4.32–6.94 | 10.39 | 8.72–12.28 | 10.80 | 3.66–23.47 |
| Quintile 4 | 8.29 | 6.80–10.01 | 13.03 | 11.16–15.13 | 15.72 | 8.66–26.01 |
| Quintile 5 (richest) | 10.03 | 8.33–11.96 | 20.48 | 18.03–20.17 | 16.99 | 10.19–26.50 |
| Rate difference† | 5.62 | – | 15.75 | – | 14.58 | – |
| Rate ratio‡ | 2.27 | – | 4.33 | – | 7.05 | – |
| RII (95% CI)§ | 2.41 | 1.73–3.34 | 7.30 | 5.48–9.72 | 2.81 | 1.09–7.27 |
| RII (95% CI)¶ | 2.41 | 1.71–3.41 | 3.52 | 2.65–4.66 | 1.85 | 0.64–5.36 |
| Education | ||||||
| SPR (95% CI)* | ||||||
| Pre‐primary | 8.30 | 6.32–10.53 | 4.84 | 3.85–5.98 | 9.67 | 5.26–19.56 |
| Primary | 7.09 | 5.80–8.58 | 7.10 | 5.86–8.52 | 10.29 | 5.07–18.53 |
| Lower secondary | 8.88 | 6.54–11.68 | 12.84 | 9.94–16.32 | 22.95 | 11.28–41.35 |
| Upper secondary | 8.70 | 6.76–10.95 | 20.09 | 16.96–23.54 | 14.44 | 6.58–26.21 |
| Tertiary | 7.70 | 4.62–11.65 | 37.24 | 30.10–45.23 | 35.30 | 12.08–73.73 |
| Rate difference** | −0.60 | – | 32.40 | – | 25.63 | |
| Rate ratio†† | 0.93 | – | 7.69 | – | 3.65 | |
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Pre‐primary | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | |
| Primary | 1.01 | 0.77–1.32 | 1.41 | 1.07–1.86 | 1.02 | 0.43–2.39 |
| Lower secondary | 1.01 | 0.72–1.42 | 2.24 | 1.63–3.08 | 2.42 | 0.98–6.01 |
| Upper secondary | 0.98 | 0.72–1.34 | 3.52 | 2.65–4.66 | 1.58 | 0.63–3.98 |
| Tertiary | 0.80 | 0.53–1.21 | 7.87 | 5.77–10.75 | 3.92 | 1.28–11.98 |
| Location | ||||||
| SPR (95% CI)* | ||||||
| Rural | 6.75 | 5.84–7.66 | 5.98 | 5.12–6.94 | 6.77 | 3.27–12.29 |
| Urban | 7.52 | 6.67–8.44 | 15.15 | 13.94–16.44 | 16.56 | 12.29–21.80 |
| Rate difference‡‡ | 0.77 | – | 9.17 | – | 9.79 | – |
| Rate ratio§§ | 1.11 | – | 2.53 | – | 2.45 | – |
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Rural | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Urban | 1.15 | 0.95–1.41 | 2.14 | 1.77–2.58 | 2.96 | 1.42–4.16 |
| Provinces | ||||||
| SPR (95% CI)* | ||||||
| Outer islands | 8.03 | 7.02–9.15 | 9.65 | 8.53–10.87 | 10.55 | 6.50–16.17 |
| Java and Bali | 6.49 | 5.72–7.34 | 12.25 | 11.18–13.40 | 15.08 | 10.84–20.42 |
| Rate difference¶ ¶ | −1.54 | – | 2.60 | – | 4.53 | – |
| Rate ratio*** | 0.81 | – | 1.27 | – | 1.43 | – |
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Outer islands | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Java and Bali | 0.81 | 0.68–0.99 | 1.27 | 1.08–1.51 | 1.59 | 0.86–2.93 |
*Standardised prevalence rate per 100 persons, age–sex standardised to the total population.
†Difference between richest and poorest quintile.
‡Ratio between richest and poorest quintile.
§Relative index of inequality, adjusted to age and sex.
¶Adjusted to age, sex, education level and geographical areas.
**Difference between tertiary and pre‐primary education level.
††Ratio between tertiary and pre‐primary education level.
‡‡Difference between urban and rural.
§§Ratio between urban and rural.
¶¶Difference between Java & Bali and outer islands
***Ratio between Java & Bali and outer islands.