Table 2.
Overview of polymorphism in genes involved in the processing of vitamins and β‐carotene by the GIT
| Protein | Gene | SNP (rs) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin C | |||
| Sodium‐dependent vitamin C transporter 1 | SLC23A1 | rs11950646 | [183, 243] |
| rs33972313 | [243] | ||
| rs10063949 | [182] | ||
| rs4257763 | [182] | ||
| rs6596473 | [182] | ||
| Sodium‐dependent vitamin C transporter 2 | SLC23A2 | rs6053005 | [183, 243] |
| rs6133175 | [183, 243] | ||
| rs6116569 | [183, 243] | ||
| rs1279683 | [244] | ||
| Glucose transporter type 2 | SLC2A2 | n.d. | [183] |
| Glucose transporter type 3 | SLC2A3 | n.d. | [183] |
| Vitamin B12 | |||
| Galactoside 2‐alpha‐L‐fucosyltransferase 2 | FUT2 | rs602662 | [188] |
| rs492602 | [188] | ||
| rs602662 | [188] | ||
| rs492602 | [188] | ||
| Transcobalamin‐1 | TCN1 | rs526934 | [188] |
| Transcobalamin‐2 | TCN2 | rs757874 | [188] |
| Cubillin | CUBN | rs1801222 | [188] |
| rs4748353 | [188] | ||
| Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 | PON1 | rs3917577 | [188] |
| Gastric intrinsic factor | GIF | rs121434322 | [245] |
| rs35211634 | [245] | ||
| Protein amnionless | AMN | rs386834170 | [246] |
| rs386834169 | [246] | ||
| rs386834175 | [246] | ||
| rs386834165 | [246] | ||
| Folate | |||
| Folate transporter 1, FOLT | SLC19A1 | rs1051266 | [8] |
| rs2297291 | [247] | ||
| rs12659 | [247] | ||
| rs61510559 | [248] | ||
| Proton‐coupled folate transporter | SLC46A1 | rs2239907 | [8, 247] |
| rs5819844 | [247] | ||
| Folate receptor alpha | FOLR1 | rs35179028 | [8] |
| rs7928531 | [247] | ||
| Cubilin | CUBN | rs780635 | [188] |
| Folate Hydrolase 1 | FOLH1 | rs202676 | [187] |
| Vitamin A | |||
| Retinol binding protein 4 | RBP4 | (Ile59Asn) (rs121918584) | [196] |
| Gly75Asp (rs1218585) | [196] | ||
| c.248 + 1G>A | [195] | ||
| rs10882272 | [195] | ||
| Transthyretin | TTR | rs1667255 | [195] |
| Patatin‐like phospholipase domain‐containing 3 | PNPLA3 | rs738409 | [195] |
| β‐carotene oxygenase 1 | BCO1 | rs6564851 | [195] |
| BCO1 | rs12926540 | [195] | |
| BCO1 | rs7501331 | [195] | |
| BCO1 | rs12934922 | [195] | |
| Hepatic lipase | HL | rs1800588 | [195] |
| Lipoprotein lipase | LPL | S447X | [195] |
| Scavenger receptor class B member 1 | SCARB1 | SR‐BI intron 5 | [195] |
| rs61932577 | [249] | ||
| Cluster determinant 36 | CD36 | rs1984112 | [249] |
| CD36 | rs1761667 | [249] | |
| CD36 | rs7755 | [249] | |
| ATP‐binding cassette sub‐family A member 1 | ABCA1 | rs10991408* | [250] |
| ABCA1 | rs2791952 * | [250] | |
| ABCA1 | rs3887137 * | [250] | |
| ABCG5 | rs2278357 | [250] | |
| Apolipoprotein B‐100 | APOB | rs1042031 * | [250] |
| rs35364714 * | [250] | ||
| rs4643493 * | [250] | ||
| β‐carotene oxygenase 1 | BCO1 | rs7196470 | [250] |
| C‐X‐C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 | CXCL8 | rs1247620 | [250] |
| rs1358594 | [250] | ||
| rs6834586 | [250] | ||
| Elongation Of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids Protein 2 | ELOVL2 | rs3798709 | [250] |
| rs911196 | [250] | ||
| rs9468304 | [250] | ||
| Intestine‐specific homeobox | ISX | rs16994824 | [250] |
| rs202313 | [250] | ||
| rs5755368 | [250] | ||
| Lipase C | LIPC | rs11857380 * | [250] |
| rs12185072 * | [250] | ||
| rs1869138 * | [250] | ||
| Polycystin 1 Like 2 | PKD1L2 | rs8043708 | [250] |
| Retinoid Isomerohydrolase | RPE65 | rs12139131 | [250] |
| rs4926340 | [250] | ||
| Superoxide Dismutase 2 | SOD2 | rs2501175 | [250] |
| Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 | TCF7L2 | rs946199 * | [250] |
| Vitamin D | |||
| Lipoprotein lipase | LPL | rs6586874 | [201] |
| rs10096561 | [201] | ||
| Intestine‐specific homeobox | ISX | rs5754862 | [201] |
| Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter | SLC10A2 | rs9558203 | [201] |
| rs9555166 | [201] | ||
| Vitamin D‐binding protein | GC | rs6845026 | [201] |
| Scavenger receptor class B member 1 | SCARB1 | rs12580803 | [201] |
| Pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase | PNLIP | rs2915775 | [201] |
| rs3010494 | [201] | ||
| 7‐dehydrocholesterol reductase | DHCR7 | rs11604724 | [201] |
| ATP‐binding cassette sub‐family A member 1 | ABCA1 | rs7043894 | [201] |
| Multidrug resistance protein 1 | ABCB1 | rs2235023 | [201] |
| rs10260862 | [201] | ||
| Apolipoprotein B‐100 | APOB | rs2854725 | [201] |
| Microtubule‐associated protein RP/EB family member 2 | MAPRE2 | rs1125425 | [201] |
| BET1 homolog | BET1 | rs10464587 | [201] |
| Arylamine N‐acetyltransferase 2 | NAT2 | rs4921920 | [201] |
| 25‐hydroxyvitamin D‐1 alpha hydroxylase | CYP27B1 | rs28934604 | [202] |
| 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24‐hydroxylase | CYP24A1 | rs6068812 | [202] |
| Vitamin E | |||
| Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter | SLC10A2 | rs1571513 | [206] |
| rs9558203 | [206] | ||
| rs16961116 | [206] | ||
| rs12874168 | [206] | ||
| rs2065550 | [206] | ||
| Pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase | PNLIP | rs2915775 | [206] |
| rs3010494 | [206] | ||
| Sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 2 | SREBF2 | rs2839715 | [206] |
| rs4822062 | [206] | ||
| ATP‐binding cassette sub‐family G member 1 | ABCG1 | rs468320 | [206] |
| Niemann‐Pick disease type C1 | NPC1 | rs62001882 | [208] |
| rs141973731 | [208] | ||
| rs139659653 | [208] | ||
| rs114375162 | [208] | ||
n.d., not documented.
The star (*) indicates SNP that were associated with the variability of β‐carotene bioavailability due to their involvement in the postprandial metabolism of CMs [carry newly absorbed β‐carotene from the intestine to liver].