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. 2019 Jun 18;98(10):1292–1300. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13630

Table 2.

Outcomes of Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and physical outcomes in children at 4‐y follow‐up between pessary and control group. Results shown for unselected group of mothers and in the subgroup of cervical length <38 mm with generalized linear mixed effects model, unadjusted and adjusted for relevant confounders

Unselected group n/na Pessary group (n = 281) Control group (n = 233) OR unadjusted for confounders (95% CI) OR adjusted for confounders (95% CI)e
ASQ, delayed, n (%)b 277/229 41 (14.8) 23 (10) 1.54 (0.83‐2.85) 1.44 (0.77‐2.70)1
SDQ, abnormal, n (%)b 279/229 19 (6.8) 10 (4.4) 1.37 (0.66‐2.82) 1.31 (0.64‐2.71)2
Physical problemc 277/229 12 (4.3) 6 (2.6) 1.28 (0.57‐2.91) —3
Abnormal child outcomed 281/233 64 (22.9) 37 (15.9) 1.58 (0.94‐2.65) —4
Cervical length <38 mm n/n Pessary group (n = 85) Control group (n = 34) OR unadjusted for confounders (95% CI) OR adjusted for confounders (95% CI)e
ASQ, delayed, n (%)b 85/34 9 (10.6) 3 (8.8) 1.26 (0.27‐5.96) 1.62 (0.34‐7.64)5
SDQ, abnormal, n (%)b 85/34 4 (4.7) 0 2.08 (0.22‐19.34) 1.92 (0.20‐18.27)6
Physical problemc 85/34 2 (2.4) 4 (11.8) 0.33 (0.07‐1.47) 0.42 (0.09‐2.03)7
Abnormal child outcomed 85/34 13 (15.3) 7 (20.6) 0.73 (0.22‐2.48) 0.95 (0.24‐3.69)8
a

Number of analyzed children, without missing data. Pessary group/control group.

b

Normal or delayed ASQ scores were based on the mean score and SD of the Dutch reference group. Scores of 1 SD below the mean in two or more domains, or 2 SD below the mean in at least one domain were considered delayed.15 SDQ scores were coded (normal, borderline and abnormal) according to the SDQ manual with mean values based upon data validated in a Dutch population.14, 16 Total difficulties score was calculated summing up the first four subscales, excluding pro‐social behavior.

c

Defined as ≥3 hospital admissions or ≥3 surgeries in the past 4 years.

d

Delayed ASQ score or abnormal SDQ total difficulties score or a physical problem (as defined above).

e
Odds ratio adjusted for the following confounders:
  1. Breastfeeding more than 6 mo (with or without infant formula);
  2. Ethnicity
  3. No significant confounders with beta difference >10%;
  4. No significant confounders with beta difference >10%
  5. Breastfeeding more than 6 mo (with or without infant formula), use of daycare and ethnicity;
  6. Parental education and use of daycare;
  7. Daycare and breastfeeding more than 6 mo (with or without infant formula);
  8. Daycare and breastfeeding more than 6 mo (with or without infant formula).