Table 1.
Group means, standard deviations and ranges of demographic and sleep characteristics among total sample of trauma-exposed individuals (N=74).
| Mean ± SD | Minimum value | Maximum value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Number of subjects | 74 | ||
| Number of males | 25 | ||
| Age (years) | 23.5±4.5 | 18 | 40 |
| Educational level | |||
| High school or equivalent | 5 | ||
| Some college | 27 | ||
| Bachelor’s (or Associates) Degree | 24 | ||
| Graduate Degree | 11 | ||
| Unknown or not reported | 7 | ||
| PTSD symptom | |||
| CAPS total score | 27.4±16.6 | 0 | 58 |
| PCL-5 total score | 36.6±19.7 | 0 | 76 |
| PSI (0–100 scale)*† | 31.3±16.4 | 0 | 61.9 |
| CHI (0–100 scale)*† | 28.8±18.3 | 0 | 64.6 |
| Time since trauma (months) | 12.3±6.9 | 1 | 28 |
| Sleep questionnaires | |||
| PSQI | 7.13±3.3 | 2 | 14 |
| ESS | 7.13±4.7 | 0 | 19 |
| MEQ | 46.43±9.6 | 25 | 68 |
| Actigraph data | |||
| Total sleep time (min)* | 432.4±51.5 | 299.7 | 538.9 |
| Sleep efficiency (%)* | 90.7±4.7 | 77.9 | 97.8 |
| Sleep onset latency (min)* | 23.2±18.8 | 2 | 86.2 |
| Sleep midpoint (min after 24:00)# | 290.3±82.4 | 167.2 | 609 |
| Sleep diary data | |||
| Total sleep time (min)* | 432.5±59.8 | 249.5 | 570.9 |
| Sleep efficiency (%)* | 92.0±6.1 | 66.5 | 99.2 |
| Sleep onset latency (min)* | 22.5±14.6 | 3 | 69.2 |
| Number of dreams | 6.2±3.8 | 0 | 15 |
| Number nightmares & bad dreams | 2.7±2.8 | 0 | 13 |
| nightmares and bad dreams rate (%) | 48.4±30.2 | 0 | 100 |
| PSG data | |||
| Total sleep time (min) | 374.2±124.5 | 48.5 | 635 |
| N1 % | 6.5±3.9 | 0.9 | 17.6 |
| N2 % | 53.8±9.9 | 21.8 | 70.5 |
| Sleep onset latency | 26.5±39.1 | 0 | 255 |
| REM latency | 94.7±48.1 | 0 | 243.5 |
| Slow wave sleep (%)* | 21.6±12.5 | 0.3 | 62.3 |
| REM (%)* | 18.1±6.9 | 0 | 42.1 |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 85.2±11.9 | 29.5 | 98.0 |
Abbreviations: CAPS – Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; PCL-5 – PTSD Checklist-5; PSI – PTSD symptom severity; CHI – composite hyperarousal index; PSQI–Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ESS – Epworth Sleepiness Scale; MEQ – Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire; NEO PI-R – NEO Personality Inventory-Revised; PSG – polysomnography.
Predictor values selected pre-hoc for rsFC analyses
PSI was calculated using the CAPS and PCL-5 excluding hyperarousal questions and CHI was calculated from the hyperarousal questions from the CAPS and PCL-5. For both indices, respective partial CAPS and PCL-5 raw scores were first converted to a 0–100 scale and then the 2 resulting values were averaged.
Sleep midpoint was computed as the midpoint between sleep onset and final awakening (expressed as minutes past midnight).