Table 1.
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics by Gender
| Total Sample | Women | Men | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 335) | (n = 156) | (n = 179) | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 32.0 (9.2) | 32.6 (9.9) | 31.4 (8.4) | 0.21 |
| Age by decade, n (%) | ||||
| 10s | 6 (1.8) | 3 (1.9) | 3 (1.7) | >0.99 |
| 20s | 153 (45.7) | 70 (44.9) | 83 (46.4) | 0.83 |
| 30s | 108 (32.2) | 43 (27.6) | 65 (36.3) | 0.1 |
| 40s | 55 (16.4) | 32 (20.5) | 23 (12.8) | 0.08 |
| 50s | 12 (3.6) | 8 (5.1) | 4 (2.2) | 0.24 |
| 60s | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | >0.99 |
| Years of education, mean (SD) | 14.8 (1.8) | 14.6 (1.6) | 15.0 (1.9) | 0.05 |
| Education in detail, n (%) | ||||
| Not completed compulsory education (<9 years) | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.7) | 0.25 |
| Completed compulsory education or high school (9–12 years) | 53 (15.8) | 27 (17.3) | 26 (14.5) | 0.55 |
| Higher education (>12 years) | 279 (83.3) | 129 (82.7) | 150 (83.8) | 0.88 |
| Current marital status, n (%) | ||||
| Single (never married) | 228 (68.1) | 100 (64.1) | 128 (71.5) | 0.16 |
| Married (including remarried) | 92 (27.5) | 44 (28.2) | 48 (26.8) | 0.81 |
| Divorced (single after divorce) | 15 (4.5) | 12 (7.7) | 3 (1.7) | 0.01 |
| Employment status, n (%) | ||||
| Full-time employment | 152 (45.4) | 53 (34.0) | 99 (55.3) | <0.01 |
| Student/homemaker | 60 (17.9) | 31 (19.9) | 29 (16.2) | 0.4 |
| Part-time employment | 67 (20.0) | 45 (28.8) | 22 (12.3) | <0.01 |
| Unemployed | 56 (16.7) | 27 (17.3) | 29 (16.2) | 0.88 |
| CAARS-S: SV scores, mean (SD) | ||||
| Inattentive symptoms | 18.7 (5.0) | 19.1 (4.9) | 18.5 (5.1) | 0.27 |
| Hyperactive-impulsive symptoms | 10.5 (5.8) | 9.6 (5.2) | 11.3 (6.2) | 0.01 |
| Total ADHD symptoms | 29.2 (9.4) | 28.6 (8.7) | 29.7 (10.0) | 0.27 |
| Family historya, n (%) | ||||
| Present | 160 (47.8) | 77 (49.4) | 83 (46.4) | 0.66 |
| ADHD | 136 (40.6) | 61 (39.1) | 75 (41.9) | 0.66 |
| ASD | 14 (4.2) | 8 (5.1) | 6 (3.4) | 0.43 |
| Other | 16 (4.8) | 11 (7.1) | 5 (2.8) | 0.08 |
| Consultation history, n (%) | ||||
| Previously consulted | 220 (65.7) | 109 (69.9) | 111 (62.0) | 0.14 |
| Previous diagnosis, n (%) | ||||
| ADHD | 104 (31.0) | 48 (30.8) | 56 (31.3) | > 0.99 |
| Depression | 56 (16.7) | 31 (19.9) | 25 (14.0) | 0.19 |
| Anxiety disorder | 29 (8.7) | 18 (11.5) | 11 (6.1) | 0.12 |
| ASD | 18 (5.4) | 6 (3.8) | 12 (6.7) | 0.33 |
| Bipolar disorder | 21 (6.3) | 15 (9.6) | 6 (3.4) | 0.02 |
| Schizophrenia | 12 (3.6) | 8 (5.1) | 4 (2.2) | 0.24 |
| Illicit drug use | 6 (1.8) | 2 (1.3) | 4 (2.2) | 0.69 |
| Alcohol abuse | 4 (1.2) | 1 (0.6) | 3 (1.7) | 0.63 |
| Other | 20 (6.0) | 11 (7.1) | 9 (5.0) | 0.49 |
| Current psychiatric comorbidity, n (%) | ||||
| Present | 62 (18.5) | 38 (24.4) | 24 (13.4) | 0.01 |
| Depression | 13 (3.9) | 8 (5.1) | 5 (2.8) | 0.4 |
| Bipolar disorder | 12 (3.6) | 8 (5.1) | 4 (2.2) | 0.24 |
| ASD | 9 (2.7) | 3 (1.9) | 6 (3.4) | 0.51 |
| Anxiety disorder | 9 (2.7) | 6 (3.8) | 3 (1.7) | 0.31 |
| Alcohol abuse | 4 (1.2) | 1 (0.6) | 3 (1.7) | 0.63 |
| Illicit drug use | 6 (1.8) | 2 (1.3) | 4 (2.2) | 0.69 |
| Schizophrenia | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0.47 |
| Other | 18 (5.4) | 12 (7.7) | 6 (3.4) | 0.09 |
| Pharmacotherapy, n (%) | ||||
| Taking any psychoactive medication | 110 (32.8) | 56 (35.9) | 54 (30.2) | 0.3 |
| ADHD medications | 52 (15.5) | 22 (14.1) | 30 (16.8) | 0.55 |
| Hypnotics | 46 (13.7) | 24 (15.4) | 22 (12.3) | 0.43 |
| Antidepressants | 35 (10.4) | 22 (14.1) | 13 (7.3) | 0.05 |
| Major tranquilizers | 33 (9.9) | 17 (10.9) | 16 (8.9) | 0.59 |
| Antianxiety | 32 (9.6) | 19 (12.2) | 13 (7.3) | 0.14 |
| Mood stabilizers | 27 (8.1) | 18 (11.5) | 9 (5.0) | 0.04 |
| Other | 9 (2.7) | 6 (3.8) | 3 (1.7) | 0.31 |
Notes: Statistically significant p-values are in bold; aIncludes duplication.
Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorders; SD, standard deviation; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.