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. 2019 Nov 21;10:1386. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01386

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Copyright © 2019 Zhao, Chen, Hang, Li, Guo, Pan, Du, Zheng and Du

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of choline on cardiac function of transverse aortic constriction (TAC) mice model. (A) Representative hearts from sham, TAC, and the mice induced by TAC treated with choline (14 mg/kg per day) and 4-DAMP (0.7 μg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. (B) The ratio of heart weight/body weight (BW). (C) The ratio of left ventricular weight (LVW)/BW. (D) The ratio of lung weight/body weight. (E) Representative echocardiographic images of mouse hearts in each group. (F) Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). (G) Systolic left ventricular internal diameter (LVID, s). (H) Diastolic left ventricular internal diameter (LVID, d). *p < 0.05, **p< 0.01 vs. sham, ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01 vs. TAC, ^& p < 0.05, ^&& p < 0.01 vs. choline, n = 6.