Table 1. Parental and child characteristics stratified by mode of delivery.
| Characteristics | Vaginal delivery | Elective CS | Emergency CS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total sample | 2,907 (32.7) | 5,202 (58.4) | 791 (8.9) |
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Age | |||
| 19-24 | 51 (1.8) | 33 (0.6) | 5 (0.6) |
| 25-29 | 859 (29.5) | 1,249 (24.0) | 252 (31.9) |
| 30-35 | 1,604 (55.2) | 2,990 (57.5) | 443 (56.0) |
| 36 or older | 393 (13.5) | 930 (17.9) | 91 (11.5) |
| Age, mean (SD) | 31.49 (3.8) | 32.23 (3.89) | 31.63 (3.63) |
| Education | |||
| Primary school | 70 (2.4) | 77 (1.5) | 10 (1.3) |
| Middle school | 483 (16.6) | 649 (12.5) | 128 (16.2) |
| Secondary school | 652 (22.4) | 1,293 (24.9) | 195 (24.7) |
| College or higher | 1,702 (58.5) | 3,183 (61.2) | 458 (57.9) |
| Smoking | |||
| Never | 2,896 (99.6) | 5,163 (99.3) | 785 (99.2) |
| 1 cigarette/day or less | 6 (0.2) | 9 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) |
| 1-5 cigarettes/day | 3 (0.1) | 21 (0.4) | 2 (0.3) |
| 6 or more cigarettes/day | 2 (0.1) | 9 (0.2) | 3 (0.4) |
| Drinking | |||
| Never | 2,863 (98.5) | 5,094 (97.9) | 778 (98.4) |
| Occasionally | 40 (1.4) | 100 (1.9) | 12 (1.5) |
| Daily | 4 (0.1) | 8 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 21.09 (2.45) | 21.58 (2.57) | 21.48 (2.53) |
| Gestational weight gain (kg), mean (SD) | 14.10 (7.52) | 15.82 (8.09) | 15.52 (7.92) |
| Child characteristics | |||
| Gender | |||
| Male | 1,529 (52.6) | 2,761 (53.1) | 420 (53.1) |
| Female | 1,378 (47.4) | 2,441 (46.9) | 371 (46.9) |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 4.34 (1.00) | 4.37 (0.99) | 4.36 (1.01) |
| Birth weight | |||
| Normal | 2,811 (96.7) | 5,046 (97.0) | 768 (97.1) |
| Low birth weight | 96 (3.3) | 156 (3.0) | 23 (2.9) |
| Birth weight (kg), mean (SD) | 3.28 (0.43) | 3.34 (0.46) | 3.38 (0.45) |
| Gestational age | |||
| Preterm | 169 (5.8) | 252 (4.8) | 60 (7.6) |
| Full-term | 2,738 (94.2) | 4,950 (95.2) | 731 (92.4) |
| Sibling | |||
| Yes | 694 (23.9) | 951 (18.3) | 148 (18.7) |
| No | 2,213 (76.1) | 4,251 (81.7) | 643 (81.3) |
| Duration of breastfeeding | |||
| Never | 587 (20.2) | 1,335 (25.7) | 174 (22.0) |
| Less than 4 months | 600 (20.6) | 1,053 (20.2) | 156 (19.7) |
| 4-5 months | 786 (27) | 1,300 (25.0) | 193 (24.4) |
| 6 months or longer | 934 (32.1) | 1,514 (29.1) | 268 (33.9) |
| Paternal characteristics | |||
| Age | |||
| 19-24 | 12 (0.4) | 9 (0.2) | 3 (0.4) |
| 25-29 | 409 (14.1) | 519 (10.0) | 104 (13.1) |
| 30-35 | 1,574 (54.1) | 2,852 (54.3) | 449 (56.8) |
| 36 or older | 912 (31.4) | 1,822 (35.0) | 235 (29.7) |
| Age, mean (SD) | 34.05 (4.65) | 34.67 (4.67) | 33.94 (4.56) |
| Education | |||
| Primary school | 32 (1.1) | 30 (0.6) | 10 (1.3) |
| Middle school | 1,029 (35.4) | 1,674 (32.2) | 283 (35.8) |
| Secondary school | 720 (24.8) | 1,435 (27.6) | 213 (26.9) |
| College or higher | 1,126 (38.7) | 2,063 (39.7) | 285 (36.0) |
| Smoking | |||
| Never | 1,408 (48.4) | 2,312 (44.4) | 350 (44.2) |
| One cigarette/day or less | 159 (5.5) | 285 (5.5) | 46 (5.8) |
| 1-5 cigarettes/day | 528 (18.2) | 1,063 (20.4) | 170 (21.5) |
| 6 or more cigarettes/day | 812 (27.9) | 1,542 (29.6) | 225 (28.4) |
| Drinking | |||
| Never | 1,692 (58.2) | 2,883 (55.4) | 465 (58.8) |
| Occasionally | 948 (32.6) | 1,804 (34.7) | 253 (32.0) |
| Daily | 267 (9.2) | 515 (9.9) | 73 (9.2) |
| BMI | |||
| Normal | 1,871 (65.1) | 3,132 (60.7) | 502 (64.2) |
| Overweight | 898 (31.2) | 1,795 (34.8) | 253 (32.4) |
| Obese | 107 (3.7) | 229 (4.4) | 27 (3.5) |
Data presented as n (%), unless otherwise specified.
BMI = body mass index; CS = cesarean section; SD = standard deviation.