Table 5. Association between mode of delivery and abnormal SDQ scores.
| Abnormal SDQ (n) | Unadjusted model | Model 1: Maternal factors | Model 2: Model 1 + child factors | Model 3: Model 1 + 2 + paternal factors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total score | |||||
| Vaginal delivery | 353 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| CS | 856 | 1.21 (1.05-1.38)* | 1.27 (1.10-1.46)* | 1.27 (1.10-1.45)* | 1.27 (1.10-1.46)* |
| Elective | 726 | 1.17 (1.02-1.34)* | 1.24 (1.07-1.43)* | 1.23 (1.07-1.42)* | 1.24 (1.07-1.43)* |
| Emergency | 130 | 1.46 (1.17-1.82)* | 1.46 (1.16-1.83)* | 1.46 (1.16-1.83)* | 1.46 (1.16-1.83)* |
| Emotional | |||||
| Vaginal delivery | 260 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| CS | 544 | 1.01 (0.87-1.18) | 1.04 (0.89-1.22) | 1.05 (0.89-1.23) | 1.06 (0.90-1.24) |
| Elective | 461 | 0.99 (0.84-1.16) | 1.02 (0.87-1.20) | 1.02 (0.87-1.21) | 1.03 (0.88-1.22) |
| Emergency | 83 | 1.19 (0.91-1.54) | 1.19 (0.91-1.55) | 1.18 (0.91-1.54) | 1.19 (0.91-1.55) |
| Conduct problems | |||||
| Vaginal delivery | 390 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| CS | 847 | 1.07 (0.94-1.22) | 1.12 (0.98-1.28) | 1.12 (0.98-1.29) | 1.13 (0.98-1.29) |
| Elective | 731 | 1.06 (0.93-1.21) | 1.11 (0.97-1.28) | 1.12 (0.97-1.28) | 1.12 (0.97-1.29) |
| Emergency | 116 | 1.15 (0.92-1.45) | 1.15 (0.91-1.45) | 1.16 (0.92-1.47) | 1.16 (0.92-1.46) |
| Hyperactivity | |||||
| Vaginal delivery | 545 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| CS | 1,134 | 1.01 (0.90-1.13) | 1.04 (0.92-1.17) | 1.03 (0.92-1.16) | 1.02 (0.91-1.15) |
| Elective | 973 | 0.99 (0.88-1.12) | 1.04 (0.92-1.17) | 1.03 (0.91-1.16) | 1.02 (0.90-1.15) |
| Emergency | 161 | 1.10 (0.90-1.35) | 1.07 (0.87-1.31) | 1.06 (0.86-1.20) | 1.05 (0.85-1.29) |
| Peer problems | |||||
| Vaginal delivery | 718 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| CS | 1,555 | 1.07 (0.96-1.19) | 1.11 (1.00-1.24)* | 1.10 (0.99-1.23) | 1.11 (0.99-1.24) |
| Elective | 1,332 | 1.04 (0.93-1.17) | 1.09 (0.98-1.22) | 1.08 (0.97-1.21) | 1.09 (0.97-1.22) |
| Emergency | 223 | 1.23 (1.02-1.48)* | 1.24 (1.03-1.50)* | 1.24 (1.02-1.50)* | 1.25 (1.03-1.51)* |
| Pro-social behavior | |||||
| Vaginal delivery | 422 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| CS | 1,018 | 1.21 (1.06-1.37)* | 1.26 (1.11-1.44)† | 1.27 (1.11-1.44)† | 1.27 (1.12-1.45)† |
| Elective | 889 | 1.21 (1.07-1.38)* | 1.28 (1.12-1.46)† | 1.28 (1.12-1.46)† | 1.29 (1.13-1.47)† |
| Emergency | 129 | 1.15 (0.92-1.43) | 1.17 (0.93-1.46) | 1.17 (0.93-1.46) | 1.17 (0.94-1.47) |
Data presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
CS = cesarean section; Ref = reference category; SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.
Model 1 (maternal factors): maternal age, education, smoking, drinking, body mass index (BMI), and gestational weight gain; Model 2 (Model 1 + child factors): child gender, age, birth weight, gestational age, having sibling, duration of breastfeeding; Model 3 (Model 1 + Model 2 + paternal factors): paternal age, education, smoking, drinking, and BMI.
*
p < 0.05;
†
p < 0.0001.