Table 1.
Details of eligible AMS-related studies that were included in the meta-analysis
| References | Location | Race of subjects | Subjects | Diagnostic criteria | Average age (years) | Altitude (m) | Total subjects (n) | Prevalence (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Women | Men | ||||||||
| Murdoch et al. (1995) [4] | Shyangboche, Asia | Asian | Guests | LLSS ≥3 | 45.3 | 3740 | 154 | 77.9 (120/154) | 88.6 (62/70) | 69.0 (58/84) |
| Ziaee et al. (2003) [9] | Mount Damavand, Asia | Asian | Hikers | LLSS ≥3 | 31.9 | 4200 | 459 | 60.8 (279/459) | 58.1 (86/148) | 63.1 (196/311) |
| Wagner et al. (2008) [10] | Mt. Whitney, North America | American | Hikers | LLSS ≥3 | 37.6 | 4419 | 886 | 42.6 (337/886) | 37.7 (80/212) | 44.1 (297/674) |
| Jafarian et al. (2008) [27] | Tehran, Asia | Asian | Volunteers | LLSS ≥3 | 28.8 | 3450 | 90 | 37.8 (34/90) | 53.3 (16/30) | 30.0 (18/60) |
| Mairer et al. (2009) [22] | Austrian Alps, Europe | European | Hikers | LLSS ≥4 | 37.4 | 2200–3500 | 422 | 16.6 (70/422) | 18.9 (20/106) | 15.8 (50/316) |
| Wu et al. (2010) [28] | Lhasa, Asia | Asian | Passengers | LLSS ≥3 | 40.4 | 2600–5072 | 222 | 27.0 (60/222) | 34.5 (30/87) | 22.2 (30/135) |
| Wang et al. (2010) [11] | Jade Mountain, Asia | Asian | Hikers | LLSS ≥3 | 40.2 | 3925 | 1066 | 36.0 (384/1066) | 36.3 (128/353) | 35.9 (256/713) |
| Mairer et al. (2010) [29] | Alps, Europe | European | Mountaineers | LLSS ≥4 |
34.7(group 1) 36.8(group 2) |
3454 and 3817 | 155 | 37.4 (58/155) | 39.3 (11/28) | 37.0 (47/127) |
| Modesti et al. (2011) [8] |
Mount Everest Base Camp, Asia |
Asian | Volunteers | LLSS ≥4 | 40 | 5400 | 47 | 34.0 (16/47) | 60.0 (9/15) | 21.9 (7/32) |
| Chen et al. (2012) [23] | Jade Mountain, Asia | Asian | Hikers | LLSS ≥4 | 42 | 3402–3952 | 787 | 32.8 (258/787) | 34.7 (92/265) | 31.8 (166/522) |
| Maclnnis et al. (2013) [30] | Gosainkunda,Asia | Asian | Pilgrims | LLSS ≥3 | 36.7 | 4380 | 491 | 34.0 (167/491) | 45.5 (67/147) | 29.1 (100/344) |
| Mandolesi et al. (2014) [31] | Mount Rosa, Europe | European | Mountaineers | LLSS ≥3 | 36.4 | 3647–4559 | 60 | 40.0 (24/60) | 54.5 (6/11) | 36.7 (18/49) |
| Hsu et al. (2015) [32] | Jiaming Lake,Asia | Asian | Mountaineers | LLSS ≥3 | 19.8 | 3550 | 91 | 20.9 (19/91) | 14.3 (4/28) | 23.8 (15/63) |
| Ren et al.(2015) [33] | Lhasa, Asia | Asian | Volunteers | LLSS ≥4 | 38.4 | 3100–4300 | 80 | 43.8 (35/80) | 53.1 (26/49) | 29.0 (9/31) |
| Horiuchi et al. (2016) [34] | Mount Fuji,Asia | Asian | Climbers | LLSS ≥3 | 36.1 | 3776 | 345 | 29.5 (98/345) | 32.6 (46/141) | 25.5 (52/204) |
| Sánchez-Mascuñano et al. (2017) [35] | Spain, Europe | European | Travellers | LLSS ≥3 | 37.7 | > 3400 | 302 | 25.8 (78/302) | 39.0 (53/156) | 17.1 (25/146) |
| Horiuchi et al. (2018) [12] | Mount Fuji,Asia | Asian | Climbers | LLSS ≥3 | 37.4 | > 2870 | 1932 | 31.6 (610/1932) | 32.9 (252/767) | 30.7 (358/1165) |
| J. Boos et al. (2018) [36] | Himalayas,Asia | Asian | Military servicemen | LLSS ≥3 | 32.1 | 5140 | 80 | 47.5 (38/80) | 69.2 (18/26) | 37.0% (20/54) |
AMS acute mountain sickness, LLSS Lake Louise Scoring System