Table 3.
Multiple Regression Analyses Predicting Substance Craving by PTSD Symptom Severity and by Trauma Symptom Clusters while Covarying Severity of Dependence.
| Primary Drug of
Choice | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor | Alcohol | Stimulants | Opiates | Marijuana | ||||||||||||||||
| F | R2 | ΔR2 | β | t | F | R2 | ΔR2 | β | t | F | R2 | ΔR2 | β | t | F | R2 | ΔR2 | β | t | |
| PTSD Overall Severity | 14.016*** | .180 | .160 | .422 | 4.997*** | 5.886** | .157 | .097 | .322 | 2.695** | 3.751* | .185 | .159 | .407 | 2.536* | 2.290 | .179 | .035 | .207 | .948 |
| Clusters | 7.958*** | .202 | .161 | - | - | 4.334** | .221 | .161 | - | - | 1.732 | .183 | .156 | - | - | 2.014 | .298 | .154 | - | - |
| Avoidance | .007 | .141 | 1.071 | .076 | .542 | 2.445* | .017 | .200 | .804 | .002 | .055 | .218 | ||||||||
| Hyperarousal | .033 | .281 | 2.283* | .001 | .044 | .237 | .011 | .147 | .634 | .124 | .490 | 1.834 | ||||||||
| Re-experiencing | .003 | .076 | .640 | .029 | −.278 | −1.512 | .008 | .120 | .556 | .047 | −.320 | −1.129 | ||||||||
Note. Craving as measured by the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), modified for substance craving. PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.