Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics
| Mean | SD | Min | Max | N | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CFPS 2010, 2012, 2014 | |||||
| Word Test 2010 | 17.869 | 6.938 | 0 | 34 | 1129 |
| Math Test 2010 | 7.844 | 3.022 | 0 | 24 | 1129 |
| Feeling Frustrated 2010 | 1.556 | 0.985 | 1 | 5 | 1121 |
| Feeling Nervous 2010 | 1.609 | 1.073 | 1 | 5 | 1129 |
| Feeling Unsettled 2010 | 1.394 | 0.880 | 1 | 5 | 1127 |
| Feeling Hopeless 2010 | 1.247 | 0.726 | 1 | 5 | 1127 |
| Feeling Everything Is Difficult 2010 | 1.470 | 0.947 | 1 | 5 | 1127 |
| Feeling Life Is Meaningless 2010 | 1.237 | 0.732 | 1 | 5 | 1127 |
| Word Test 2012 | 6.136 | 1.749 | 1 | 10 | 839 |
| Math Test 2012 | 9.623 | 3.393 | 0 | 15 | 652 |
| Depression 2012 | 8.694 | 7.405 | 0 | 40 | 1083 |
| Word Test 2014 | 25.186 | 6.794 | 0 | 34 | 786 |
| Math Test 2014 | 12.697 | 4.934 | 0 | 24 | 786 |
| Feeling Frustrated 2014 | 1.798 | 0.862 | 1 | 5 | 786 |
| Feeling Nervous 2014 | 1.659 | 0.837 | 1 | 5 | 786 |
| Feeling Unsettled 2014 | 1.478 | 0.745 | 1 | 5 | 786 |
| Feeling Hopeless 2014 | 1.319 | 0.758 | 1 | 5 | 786 |
| Feeling Everything Is Difficult 2014 | 1.585 | 0.753 | 1 | 5 | 786 |
| Feeling Life Is Meaningless 2014 | 1.261 | 0.663 | 1 | 5 | 786 |
| CEPS 2013-2014 | |||||
| Achievement | 70.047 | 12.183 | 1.323 | 155.148 | 18944 |
| Feeling Frustrated | 2.265 | 0.978 | 1 | 5 | 19026 |
| Feeling Depressed | 2.008 | 1.044 | 1 | 5 | 18972 |
| Feeling Unhappy | 2.323 | 1.025 | 1 | 5 | 19007 |
| Feeling Life is Meaningless | 1.770 | 1.065 | 1 | 5 | 18960 |
| Feeling Sad | 2.073 | 1.026 | 1 | 5 | 18998 |
| Parents’ Average Years of Education | 9.728 | 3.237 | 0 | 19 | 18963 |
| Economic Conditions | 2.808 | 0.596 | 1 | 5 | 18541 |
| Pressure from Parents’ Expectations | 3.034 | 1.109 | 1 | 5 | 19365 |
| Peers’ Unfriendliness | 1.740 | 0.808 | 1 | 4 | 19270 |
| Teachers’ Criticism | 1.675 | 0.829 | 1 | 4 | 19258 |
| Time on Studies (hour) | 3.516 | 2.948 | 0 | 23 | 18335 |
| GSCF 2000, 2009, 2015 | |||||
| Chinese in 2000 | 72.504 | 13.194 | 0 | 100 | 1951 |
| Math in 2000 | 73.963 | 14.597 | 0 | 100 | 1957 |
| Parents’ Average Years of Education | 5.195 | 3.406 | 0 | 13.5 | 1974 |
| Family Income Per Capita (1,000 yuan) in 2000 | 1.645 | 2.948 | 0 | 81.32 | 2000 |
| Depression in 2009 | 17.556 | 4.255 | 12 | 46 | 984 |
| Depression in 2015 | 21.463 | 5.229 | 10 | 40 | 1366 |
| Total Years of Education | 11.235 | 3.529 | 0 | 19 | 1613 |
Note: Data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), and Gansu Survey of Children and Families (GSCF).
Sample of CFPS 2010, 2012, 2014 is restricted to those who could be surveyed about mental health in all three waves by design, i.e., respondents aged 10 and 11 in 2000.