Table 1.
Characteristics of the Included Studies
| S/n | Study ID | Country | Study Design | Outcomes Assessed | Appraisal Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Naikoba 20178 | Uganda | cRCT | Clinical performance | 10/13 |
| 2. | Mbonye 201434 | Uganda | cRCT | Clinical performance | 9/13 |
| 3. | Mbonye 201635 | Uganda | cRCT | Clinical performance | 9/13 |
| 4. | Burnett 201639 | Uganda | cRCT | Clinical performance | 9/13 |
| 5. | Weaver 201438 | Uganda | cRCT | Clinical performance | 9/13 |
| 6. | Imani 201536 | Uganda | cRCT | Clinical performance | 9/13 |
| 7. | Weaver 201237 | Uganda | cRCT | Clinical performance | 9/13 |
| 8. | Anatole 20132 | Rwanda | Quasi-experimental | Clinical performance | 8/9 |
| 9. | Gueye 201647 | Senegal | Quasi-experimental | Clinical performance | 8/9 |
| 10. | Bradley 200826 | Ethiopia | Quasi-experimental | Managerial performance | 8/9 |
| 11. | Edwards 201527 | Mozambique | Quasi-experimental | Managerial performance (accounting, human resources, monitoring and evaluation, and transportation management) | 8/9 |
| 12. | Gunda 201751 | Malawi | Quasi-experimental | Clinical performance | 8/9 |
| 13. | Hiwotu 201428 | Ethiopia | Quasi-experimental | Laboratory quality | 8/9 |
| 14. | Judson 201745 | Multicounty | Quasi-experimental | Clinical performance | 8/9 |
| 15. | Magge 201522 | Rwanda | Quasi-experimental | Clinical performance | 8/9 |
| 16. | Makokha 201449 | Kenya | Quasi-experimental | Laboratory quality | 8/9 |
| 17. | Maruta 201230 | Lesotho | Quasi-experimental | Laboratory quality | 8/9 |
| 18. | Mothabeng 201229 | Lesotho | Quasi-experimental | Laboratory quality | 8/9 |
| 19. | Melese 201841 | Ethiopia | Quasi-experimental | Clinical performance | 8/9 |
| 20. | Momoh 201543 | Nigeria | Quasi-experimental | Clinical performance | 8/9 |
| 21. | Nkwawir 201432 | Cameroon | Quasi-experimental | Laboratory quality | 8/9 |
| 22. | Nzombe 201433 | Zimbabwe | Quasi-experimental | Laboratory quality | 8/9 |
| 23. | Okereke 201544 | Nigeria | Quasi-experimental | Clinical performance | 8/9 |
| 24. | Tang 201650 | Malawi | Quasi-experimental | Clinical performance | 8/9 |
| 25. | Ameha 201440 | Ethiopia | Cohort | Clinical performance | 11/11 |
| 26. | Mengistu 201442 | Ethiopia | Cohort | Clinical performance | 9/11 |
| 27. | Workneh 201348 | Malawi | Cohort | Clinical performance | 9/11 |
| 28. | Lourenco 201446 | Namibia | Cohort | Clinical performance | 11/11 |
| 29. | Mekonnen 201611 | Ethiopia | Comparative cross-sectional | Clinical performance | 7/8 |
| 30. | Green 20144 | South Africa | Comparative cross-sectional | Clinical performance | 6/8 |
Abbreviation: cRCT, cluster randomized trial.