Table 1. Clinical characteristics of study participants.
| Characteristic | T1D | Control | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| General information | |||
| N (female/male) | 93 (43/50) | 57 (29/28) | 0.616 |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 11.5 ± 1.8 | 11.8 ± 1.5 | 0.321 |
| Go/no-go task performance | |||
| Commission errors, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 26 (18, 45) | 31 (16, 47) | 0.554 |
| Omission errors, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 20 (10, 36.5) | 11 (5.5, 39.5) | 0.715 |
| RT to correct “go” trials (ms), mean ± SD | 469.8 ± 67.2 | 462.7 ± 67.0 | 0.444 |
| d-prime, mean ± SD | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 0.593 |
| Behavioral measures (T scores) | |||
| BASC-2 Externalizing Problems, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 47 (41.25, 53) | 46 (41.25, 51) | 0.221 |
| BASC-2 Hyperactivity, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 48 (42, 55) | 47 (42, 53) | 0.350 |
| BASC-2 Attention Problems, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 50 (44, 56) | 50 (41, 52) | 0.512 |
| BASC-2 Behavioral Symptoms Index, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 48 (43, 53) | 45 (42, 51) | 0.342 |
| BRIEF Inhibition Problems, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 47 (42, 56.5) | 49 (42.25, 55) | 0.735 |
| BRIEF Global Executive Composite, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 50 (42, 56.75) | 48 (42.25, 54.5) | 0.449 |
| WISC-IV Processing Speed Index, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 99.5 (94, 109) | 100 (85, 109) | 0.186 |
| Clinical measures | |||
| Age at diabetes onset (years), mean ± SD | 4.4 ± 2.1 | — | — |
| HbA1c, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 8.1 (7.5, 8.8) | 5.2 (5.1, 5.4) | <0.001 |
| Lifetime averaged HbA1cAUC6%, median (25th, 75th percentile) | 12.4 (7.9, 16.9) | — | — |
| Blood glucose level at scan (mg/dl), median (25th, 75th percentile) | 157 (121.5, 206.0) | — | — |
| Blood glucose rate of change during scan (mg/dl per minute), mean ± SD | −0.143 ± 0.716 | — | — |
| CGM mean glucose (mg/dl), mean ± SD | 195.0 ± 34.8 | — | — |
| CGM glucose CV (mg/dl), mean ± SD | 0.42 ± 0.06 | — | — |
| CGM MAGE (mg/dl), mean ± SD | 149.4 ± 26.6 | — | — |
| CGM AUC180 (mg/dl), mean ± SD | 44.6 ± 23.7 | — | — |
| CGM AOCBelow70 (mg/dl), median (25th, 75th percentile) | 0.5 (0.1, 1.1) | — | — |
| Lifetime history of seizures or loss of consciousness, n (%) | 4 (4.3) | 0 (0) | — |
| DKA history, n (%) | 29 (31.2) | — | — |
| Severe hypoglycemia history, n (%) | 12 (12.9) | — | — |
Lifetime averaged HbA1cAUC6% (area under the curve HbA1c > 6.0) represents the lifetime hyperglycemic index based on all available HbA1c values since diagnosis and up to the time of participation in this study. AOCBelow70, area over the curve below blood glucose 70 mg/dl; AUC180, area under the curve above blood glucose 180 mg/dl; BASC-2, Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition; BRIEF, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; CGM, continuous glucose monitor; CV, coefficient of variation; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursion; RT, response time; SD, standard deviation; T1D, type 1 diabetes; WISC-IV, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition.