Table 4.

Themes of suggested solutions and solutions in practice to address post-secondary food insecurity by socio-ecological construct¹

Socio-ecological construct	Common examples	Peer-reviewed literature, suggested (n=18)	Gray lit, suggested (n=24)	Gray literature, practiced (n=17)
Intrapersonal	Food and/or financial literacy educational programs	33.3% (6)	20.8% (5)	35.3% (6)
	Vouchers for meals	5.5% (1)	--	23.5% (4)
Interpersonal	Peer-to-peer mentoring	--	--	5.9 % (1)
	Student, staff, and faculty donating meals plans or financial support to students in need	--	--	23.5% (4)
	Apps: allows students in need of a meal to connect with another student who has excess meals	--	--	11.8% (2)
Organizational/institutional	Campus food pantries	38.9% (7)	8.3% (2)	41.2% (7)
	Increase employment opportunities	5.5% (1)	--
	Alter meals plans (cost)	27.8% (5)	12.5% (3)	--
Community	Community gardens	22.2% (4)	--	11.8% (2)
	Network stakeholders	5.5% (1)	16.7% (4)
	Increase healthy retailers in and around campus	22.2% (4)	16.7% (4)	5.9 % (1)
Policy/systems	Change eligibility to SNAP for college students/provide on campus retailers that accept EBT	27.8% (5)	20.8% (5)	11.8% (2)
	Enact laws to increase student access to healthy foods (e.g., California State College Student Hunger Relief Act of 2015)	--	8.3% (2)	5.9 % (1)
	Increase financial aid/create a basic living stipend for students	50.0% (9)	8.3% (2)	--

¹To date, solutions were as suggested by authors.