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. 2019 Dec 9;9:18612. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54859-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematics of the BEN architecture and its constituents. (a) The general architecture of a BEN network; (b) A BEN network consisting of two cells; (c) The network of components (black) related by processes (blue, red and green) within a single cell, some of which receive inputs from adjacent cells. For example, the V_mem of a cell together with that of the adjacent cell gates the gap junction which in turn affects the concentrations of the ion and the signaling molecule, and the ion concentration ultimately determines the V_mem, closing the loop. This highlights the recurrent nature of the dynamics in BEN.