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. 2019 Dec 9;9:18612. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54859-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The structure and behavior of the best evolved tissue-level AND gate. Following the convention of the color-coding, orange and purple represent input nodes, while green represents the output node. Behavior correctly follows the AND rule (Fig. 2b). Inputs are transient: they are set (externally) to their respective states at the time steps marked by the grey triangles and then removed. As can be seen, they slightly oscillate for a small period of time after they are set initially, before dynamically fixing themselves (marked by grey dashed arrows) during every simulation. Thus, the network has evolved the capacity for memory: it remembers the inputs (at least their qualitative levels) even after they are removed. Inset shows the structure of the network.