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. 2019 Dec 9;9:18612. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54859-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The behavior of a successfully trained NAND gate for a random sequence of four inputs. Orange and purple lines represent the activities of the inputs, while green represents the output. The vertical dashed lines mark the beginning of each trial in the sequence, however the inputs are applied, after an initial transient, at the time points marked by the grey triangles. Inset is a schematic of the architecture of the gate: pretrained AND and NOT gates are connected by a “bridge”, a single layer of cells, that is alone trained.