Fig. 3.

Early 33i treatment reduces the neuroinflammation in 7-month-old SAMP8 mice. 33i (5 mg/kg i.p. every 24 h) or vehicle was administered to 5-month-old SAMR1 and SAMP8 for 8 weeks. Mice were sacrificed 24 h after the last administration. a Representative image and quantitative measurement of hippocampal GFAP protein levels. Note that SAMP8 show increased levels of GFAP, which are reversed by 33i treatment (n = 7) (F = 34.87, p < 0.05). This effect is also seen in the quantification of the immunofluorescence images (b) (n = 3 mice per group) (F = 15.80, p < 0.05) Scale bar = 200 µm. c IL-1β protein levels measured by ELISA (F = 11.90, p < 0.05). Gene expression of Il-1β (F = 16.61, p < 0.05) (d), Il-6 (F = 14.29, p < 0.05) (e), and Tnf-α (F = 19.26, p < 0.05) (f) (n = 5–7). Note that 33i treatment reversed the increased levels of these proinflammatory cytokines shown by SAMP8 mice. GAPDH was used as an internal control. Results are shown as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05. Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test