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. 2019 Dec 9;10:5615. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13578-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a–c Location of study participants with ‘persistent’ haplotype csp H1 (a), ‘intermittent’ haplotype csp H8 (b), and ‘sporadic’ haplotype csp H54 (c). Blue color indicates the beginning (April 2013) and red the end (June 2014) of the study period, with the date denoting fractional years in decimal notation. d csp haplotype network for the high transmission season of April through June 2013 (for five most represented administrative locations: Maraka, Miendo, Misikhu, Sitikho, and Webuye). Each circle indicates a unique haplotype with size proportional to the log₂-scaled haplotype prevalence and color denoting the fractional prevalence in each administrative location. Haplotype connections were calculated using an infinite site model (Hamming distance) of DNA sequences, with dots along connections indicating the number of base-pair differences between sequences. e–g Temporal comparison heat maps of mean binary haplotype sharing (e), proportional haplotype sharing (f), and L1 norm genetic distance (g) calculated between months of study enrollment. h–m Spatial comparison heat maps of binary haplotype sharing (h, i), proportional haplotype sharing (j, k), and L1 norm genetic distance (l, m) calculated for a distinct temporal window (h, j, l: April-June 2013; i, k, m: April–June 2014) for the five most represented administrative locations (see above), which are arranged from north to south (see map in Fig. S1). For (e–m), blue denotes the minimum for each genetic similarity index, red the maximum, and yellow the midpoint.