Fig. 4. Enhanced parasite genetic similarity between case children and their own household members.

Genetic similarity metrics (binary share score, proportional share score, and L1 norm) were computed for case children (CC) with both their household of origin as well as with an unrelated household matched on time. Each metric was computed independently for csp and for ama1. a, b CC had significantly higher csp (a) and ama1 (b) binary share scores with infected members of their origin households compared to members of matched households. c, d Furthermore, a higher proportional share score was observed for CC with their household of origin at both csp (c) and ama1 (d) loci. e, f A reduced L1 norm for origin household (i.e. greater sequence similarity) was observed for csp (e) though not ama1 (f) haplotypes. *p < 0.05, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test.