Table 2.
Walking/carrying results comparisons—farmer’s walk
| Winwood et al. [7] | Keogh et al. [34] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Farmer’s walk | Unloaded walk | Effect size | Higher performer | Lower performer | Effect size | Group ave. | |
| Spatiotemporal | |||||||
| Ground contact time (s) | 0.46 ± 0.06* (MVP) | 0.67 ± 0.06 (MVP) | − 3.50 | 0.29 ± 0.02† (MVP˟) | 0.34 ± 0.03 (SVP˟) | − 1.96 | 0.30 ± 0.03☼ (MVP) |
| 0.53 ± 0.09*(AP) | 0.77 ± 0.07 (AP) | − 3.00 | 0.39 ± 0.04† (AP) | 0.32 ± 0.03 (AP) | 1.98 | 0.36 ± 0.04 (AP) | |
| Stride rate (Hz) | 1.42 ± 0.17* (MVP) | 0.88 ± 0.06 (MVP) | 4.20 | 2.01 ± 0.13† (MVP˟) | 1.83 ± 0.04 (SVP˟) | 1.88 | 1.97 ± 0.13☼ (MVP) |
| 1.21 ± 0.12* (AP) | 0.82 ± 0.04 (AP) | 4.40 | 1.88 ± 0.10† (AP) | 1.64 ± 0.12 (AP) | 2.17 | 1.79 ± 0.14 (AP) | |
| Stride length (m) | 1.04 ± 0.12* (MVP) | 1.43 ± 0.11 (MVP) | − 3.40 | 1.83 ± 0.04† (MVP˟) | 1.40 ± 0.17 (SVP˟) | 3.48 | 1.67 ± 0.10☼ (MVP) |
| 0.85 ± 0.19* (AP) | 1.33 ± 0.11 (AP) | − 3.10 | 1.38 ± 0.16 (AP) | 1.33 ± 0.09 (AP) | 0.39 | 1.32 ± 0.12 (AP) | |
| Average velocity (m/s) | 1.48 ± 0.19 (MVP) | 1.26 ± 0.15 (MVP) | 1.28 | 3.66 ± 0.17† (MVP) | 2.83 ± 0.36 (MVP) | 2.95 | 3.29 ± 0.38☼ (MVP) |
| 1.05 ± 0.21 (AP) | 1.11 ± 0.09 (AP) | − 0.37 | 2.61 ± 0.38 (AP) | 2.19 ± 0.27 (AP) | 1.27 | 2.41 ± 0.32 (AP) | |
| Kinematic | |||||||
| Ankle angle at FS (°) | 95.0 ± 3.00* (MVP) | 105 ± 2.00 (MVP) | − 3.80 | 101 ± 6.00† (SVP˟) | 113 ± 5.00 (MVP˟) | − 2.17 | 110 ± 9.00 (MVP) |
| 96.00 ± 6.00* (AP) | 105 ± 2.00 (AP) | − 2.30 | 99.0 ± 8.00 (AP) | 106 ± 6.00 (AP) | − 0.99 | 100 ± 8.00 (AP) | |
| Ankle angle at TO (°) | 100 ± 5.00* (MVP) | 115 ± 9.00 (MVP) | − 2.10 | 118 ± 5.00 (MVP˟) | 117 ± 7.00 (SVP˟) | 0.16 | 114 ± 6.00(MVP) |
| 105 ± 6.00 (AP) | 118 ± 5.00 (AP) | − 2.30 | 108 ± 4.00† (AP) | 114 ± 3.00 (AP) | − 1.70 | 111 ± 5.00 (AP) | |
| Ankle ROM (°) | 4.00 ± 4.00 (MVP) | 10.0 ± 10.0 (MVP) | − 0.70 | − 10.0 ± 4.00† (SVP) | 1.00 ± 5.00 (MVP) | − 2.43 | − 4.00 ± 7.00☼ (MVP) |
| Knee angle at FS (°) | 154 ± 7.00* (MVP) | 178 ± 6.00 (MVP) | − 3.70 | 156 ± 6.00 (MVP˟) | 166 ± 16.0 (SVP˟) | − 0.83 | 155 ± 6.00☼ (MVP) |
| 150 ± 9.00* (AP) | 174 ± 10.0 (AP) | − 2.50 | 147 ± 7.00 (AP) | 151 ± 5.00 (AP) | − 0.66 | 150 ± 6.00 (AP) | |
| Thigh angle at FS (°) | 34.0 ± 6.00* (MVP) | 23.0 ± 7.00 (MVP) | 1.80 | 38.0 ± 3.00† (MVP˟) | 31.0 ± 4.00 (SVP˟) | 1.98 | 34.0 ± 3.00 (MVP) |
| Thigh ROM (°) | − 19.0 ± 5.00 (MVP) | − 22.0 ± 10.0 (MVP) | 0.40 | − 44.0 ± 4.00† (MVP˟) | − 35.0 ± 6.00 (SVP˟) | − 1.77 | − 38.0 ± 4.00☼ (MVP) |
| Trunk angle at FS (°) | 78.0 ± 3.00* (MVP) | 90.0 ± 2.00 (MVP) | − 4.10 | – | – | – | |
| 69.0 ± 5.00* (AP) | 85.0 ± 2.00 (AP) | − 4.30 | – | – | – | ||
| Trunk angle at TO (°) | 76.0 ± 4.00* (MVP) | 87.0 ± 2.00 (MVP) | − 3.20 | – | – | – | |
| 70.0 ± 5.00* (AP) | 84.0 ± 4.00 (AP) | − 3.40 | – | – | – | ||
| Kinetic | |||||||
| Mean anterior GRF (N) | 127 ± 31.0* (MVP) | 83.0 ± 25.0 (MVP) | 1.60 | – | – | – | |
| Peak anterior GRF (N) | 447 ± 98.0* (MVP) | 259 ± 53.0 (MVP) | 2.40 | – | – | – | |
| Mean medial GRF (N) | 120 ± 41.0* (MVP) | 70.0 ± 36.0 (MVP) | 1.30 | – | – | – | |
| Peak medial GRF (N) | 241 ± 73.0* (MVP) | 120 ± 62.0 (MVP) | 1.80 | – | – | – | |
| Mean posterior GRF (N) | 159 ± 45.0* (MVP) | 94.0 ± 34.0 (MVP) | 1.60 | – | – | – | |
| Peak posterior GRF (N) | 389 ± 143* (MVP) | 211 ± 77.0 (MVP) | 1.50 | – | – | – | |
| Mean vertical GRF (N) | 2540 ± 376* (MVP) | 1030 ± 247 (MVP) | 4.70 | – | – | – | |
| Peak vertical GRF (N) | 3630 ± 608* (MVP) | 1510 ± 387 (MVP) | 4.10 | – | – | – | |
| Peak lateral GRF (N) | 210 ± 73.0* (MVP) | 119 ± 45.0 (MVP) | 1.50 | – | – | – | |
All data are reported as means ± standard deviation, unless specified otherwise. Effect sizes reported for between exercise [7] and performance standard [31]. A positive effect size indicates that the left-hand column (farmer’s walk or higher performer) had a greater value than the respective right-hand column (unloaded walk or lower performer). *Significant difference to unloaded walking; †significant difference to low performing athletes, ☼significant difference to acceleration phase, ˟comparison between phase based on distance, AP acceleration phase, ave average, GRF ground reaction force, MVP maximum velocity phase, SVP sub-maximal velocity phase