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Kinetics of viral shedding from directly-inoculated (A, C) and contact-exposed (B, D) mallards. Viral shedding via the oropharyngeal (A, B) and cloacal (C, D) routes was measured at 2 to 10 days post-inoculation using qRRT-PCR. Limit of detection is 1.6 log10 EID50 as determined by limiting dilution of the standard virus.
