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. 2019 Nov 26;10:2711. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02711

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

Detection of biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance by MALDI-TOF MS, for example, by being co-coded on the same mobile genetic element as the resistance conferring protein. Biomarker peaks have generally lower m/z compared to the resistance proteins. As a prerequisite, the biomarker has to be well characterized and the relationship of biomarker and resistance protein is established by molecular analyses and/or by analyzing a meaningful number of reference samples.