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. 2019 Dec 3;7:315. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00315

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Copyright © 2019 Patil, Henderson, Luong, Annamalai, Sreejit and Krishnamurthy.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The complex role of cardiac and non-cardiac derived exosomes in cardiac pathophysiology. (A) Exosomes from different organs affect the pathophysiology of the heart through the delivery of signaling molecules, micro-RNA and enzymes. However, the role of exosomes derived from the liver, lung, muscle, nervous system, metabolic co-morbidities, and exercise that can affect heart health are yet to be determined. (B) Exosomes from different cell types within the heart can program cells within the heart to promote cardiac remodeling that affect heart structure and function. (C) Under Diabetic milieu, exosomes from different cell types within the heart can bring about coronary endothelial dysfunction, cardiac hypertrophy, and cardiac fibrosis.