Decreased liver fibrosis in Acta2−/− mice. A: Liver fibrosis was induced by six doses of carbon tetrachloride in Acta2+/+ and Acta2−/− mice. Control mice were gavaged with corn oil only. Whole-liver tissues were harvested and fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and liver tissue sections were subjected to immunofluorescence staining as shown. B: Total RNA was isolated from whole-liver tissues, and real-time quantitative PCR was performed. C and D: Liver tissue sections were also stained with Picrosirius Red and collagen content were measured by quantitative histomorphometry. E:Tnfa and Il6 mRNA expression was measured by real-time quantitative PCR as in B. F: Acta2+/+ and Acta2−/− mice were subjected to carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury (4 doses) and in vivo activated HSCs were directly isolated to measure the indicated mRNAs. n = 4 (A–E, control); n = 4 (F, carbon tetrachloride); n = 10 (A–E, carbon tetrachloride). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 for Acta2+/+ versus Acta2−/−. Scale bars = 100 μm.