Plasma FABP3 (A), ET-1 (B), and BDNF (C) levels. The serum concentration of fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured before anesthesia (T0) and at 30 min (T8) and 6 h after tourniquet release (T9). Sham – control (ischemia-reperfusion, I/R) group; Dex – dexmedetomidine group; Oxy – oxycodone group. Data are expressed as mean±SD. + P<0.05 vs. T0; * P<0.05 vs. sham; # P<0.05 vs. Dex.