Table 1.

Comparison of EV Enrichment, Separation, and Purification Methods.

Platform	Principle	Advantages	Limitations
Ultracentrifuge	Size	Large scale, gold standard	Lengthy, low yield, low purity, expensive equipment, lack tumor specificity
Tangential flow filtration	Size	Large scale, high purity, yield, rapid, integrity	Lack tumor specificity
Size-exclusion chromatography	Size	User-friendly, relative high yield	Low purity, small scale, lack tumor specificity
Sucrose density gradient centrifuge	Density	User-friendly, gold standard, purity	Lengthy, expensive equipment, low yield, no tumor specificity
Coprecipitation	Charge	User-friendly	Lack tumor specificity, small scale
Membrane affinity binding	Surface	High yield, integrity	Lack tumor specificity, small scale
TiO2 and lipid bilayer binding	Surface	High yield, integrity	Lack tumor specificity, small scale
Immunoaffinity	Surface	Tumor specificity	Small scale, low recovery rate, low purity