Upper airway tract |
Nasopharyngeal aspirate or swab |
PCR pathogen screen, microbiome analysis, culture (optional) |
No |
Lower airway tract |
Sputum (± inhalation with NaCl 3%) |
PCR pathogen screen, microbiome analysis, culture |
Yes |
Lower airway tract |
Deep throat swab (± inhalation with NaCl 3%) |
PCR pathogen screen, microbiome analysis, culture |
Yes |
Urogenital tract |
Urine |
Antigen screening: legionella, pneumococcus |
Yes |
Blood |
EDTA |
Diff blood count |
Yes (genomics, epigenomics) |
Blood |
Serum |
CRP, Creatinin, sodium, urea, procalcitonin (optional), interleukin-6 (optional), blood gas (optional), chlamydia and mycoplasma serology (optional) |
Yes (proteomics, metabolomics, antibody-screening) |
Blood |
Plasma |
|
Yes (microRNA) |
Lavage |
BAL (optional) |
Differential cell count, culture |
Yes (microRNA, biomarker analyses) |
Others |
Pleural effusion (optional), nasal secretions (planned) |
Lactate, pH, protein, culture |
Yes (biomarker analyses) |