Table 2.
Baseline characteristics and distribution of risk stratification of patients in the training and validation cohorts
| Characteristics | Training set (%) | Internal testing set (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of cases | High risk | Low risk | Number of cases | High risk | Low risk | |
| Age | ||||||
| < 65 years | 71 (42) | 32 (18.9) | 39 (23.1) | 22 (33.8) | 11 (16.9) | 11 (16.9) |
| ≥ 65 years | 98 (58) | 49 (29) | 49 (29) | 43 (66.2) | 21 (32.3) | 22 (33.8) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 128 (75.7) | 63 (37.3) | 65 (38.5) | 47 (72.3) | 19 (29.2) | 28 (43.1) |
| Female | 41 (24.3) | 18 (10.7) | 23 (13.6) | 18 (27.7) | 13 (20) | 5 (7.7) |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 148 (87.6) | 70 (41.4) | 78 (46.2) | 59 (90.8) | 29 (44.6) | 30 (46.2) |
| Black | 16 (9.5) | 8 (4.7) | 8 (4.7) | 4 (6.2) | 3 (4.6) | 1 (1.5) |
| Others | 5 (3) | 3 (1.8) | 2 (1.2) | 2 (3.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.1) |
| Grade | ||||||
| Well differentiated | 14 (8.3) | 10 (5.9) | 4 (2.4) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) |
| Poorly differentiated | 96 (56.8) | 39 (23.1) | 57 (33.7) | 39 (60) | 19 (29.2) | 20 (30.8) |
| Unknown | 59 (34.9) | 32 (18.9) | 27 (16) | 25 (38.5) | 13 (20) | 12 (18.5) |
| Histology | ||||||
| TCC | 94 (55.6) | 49 (29) | 45 (26.6) | 38 (58.5) | 17 (26.2) | 21 (32.3) |
| PUC | 42 (24.9) | 15 (8.9) | 27 (16) | 8 (12.3) | 5 (7.7) | 3 (4.6) |
| SCC | 10 (5.9) | 3 (1.8) | 7 (4.1) | 7 (10.8) | 2 (3.1) | 5 (7.7) |
| Others | 23 (13.6) | 14 (8.3) | 9 (5.3) | 12 (18.5) | 8 (12.3) | 4 (6.2) |
| Tumor_Stage | ||||||
| Low | 13 (7.7) | 7 (4.1) | 6 (3.6) | 4 (6.2) | 2 (3.1) | 2 (3.1) |
| High | 156 (92.3) | 74 (43.8) | 82 (48.5) | 61 (93.8) | 30 (46.2) | 31 (47.7) |
| Lymph_nodes | ||||||
| No | 87 (51.5) | 39 (23.1) | 48 (28.4) | 33 (50.8) | 16 (24.6) | 17 (26.2) |
| Yes | 36 (21.3) | 14 (8.3) | 22 (13) | 17 (26.2) | 9 (13.8) | 8 (12.3) |
| Unknown | 46 (27.2) | 28 (16.6) | 18 (10.7) | 15 (23.1) | 7 (10.8) | 8 (12.3) |
| Lymph_Vas_Invasion | ||||||
| No | 31 (18.3) | 12 (7.1) | 19 (11.2) | 12 (18.5) | 5 (7.7) | 7 (10.8) |
| Yes | 29 (17.2) | 13 (7.7) | 16 (9.5) | 6 (9.2) | 3 (4.6) | 3 (4.6) |
| Unknown | 109 (64.5) | 56 (33.1) | 53 (31.4) | 47 (72.3) | 24 (36.9) | 23 (35.4) |
| Met_Bone | ||||||
| No | 112 (66.3) | 47 (27.8) | 65 (38.5) | 44 (67.7) | 26 (40) | 18 (27.7) |
| Yes | 57 (33.7) | 34 (20.1) | 23 (13.6) | 21 (32.3) | 6 (9.2) | 15 (23.1) |
| Met_Liver | ||||||
| No | 129 (76.3) | 61 (36.1) | 68 (40.2) | 50 (76.9) | 25 (38.5) | 25 (38.5) |
| Yes | 40 (23.7) | 20 (11.8) | 20 (11.8) | 15 (23.1) | 7 (10.8) | 8 (12.3) |
| Met_Lung | ||||||
| No | 100 (59.2) | 40 (23.7) | 60 (35.5) | 34 (52.3) | 16 (24.6) | 18 (27.7) |
| Yes | 69 (40.8) | 41 (24.3) | 28 (16.6) | 31 (47.7) | 16 (24.6) | 15 (23.1) |
| Surgery_Primary | ||||||
| Minimal invasive | 65 (38.5) | 27 (16) | 38 (22.5) | 31 (47.7) | 19 (29.2) | 12 (18.5) |
| No | 83 (49.1) | 48 (28.4) | 35 (20.7) | 29 (44.6) | 9 (13.8) | 20 (30.8) |
| Non-minimal invasive | 21 (12.4) | 6 (3.6) | 15 (8.9) | 5 (7.7) | 4 (6.2) | 1 (1.5) |
| Chemotherapy | ||||||
| No | 97 (57.4) | 77 (45.6) | 20 (11.8) | 36 (55.4) | 28 (43.1) | 8 (12.3) |
| Yes | 72 (42.6) | 4 (2.4) | 68 (40.2) | 29 (44.6) | 4 (6.2) | 25 (38.5) |
| Radiation_Therapy | ||||||
| No | 89 (52.7) | 50 (29.6) | 39 (23.1) | 38 (58.5) | 14 (21.5) | 24 (36.9) |
| Yes | 80 (47.3) | 31 (18.3) | 49 (29) | 27 (41.5) | 18 (27.7) | 9 (13.8) |
| Palliative_Care | ||||||
| No | 122 (72.2) | 62 (36.7) | 60 (35.5) | 47 (72.3) | 21 (32.3) | 26 (40) |
| Yes | 47 (27.8) | 19 (11.2) | 28 (16.6) | 18 (27.7) | 11 (16.9) | 7 (10.8) |
| Brain_Confined_Met | ||||||
| No | 67 (39.6) | 24 (14.2) | 43 (25.4) | 22 (33.8) | 13 (20) | 9 (13.8) |
| Yes | 102 (60.4) | 57 (33.7) | 45 (26.6) | 43 (66.2) | 19 (29.2) | 24 (36.9) |
| CDCC_Score | ||||||
| 0 | 116 (68.6) | 50 (29.6) | 66 (39.1) | 46 (70.8) | 23 (35.4) | 23 (35.4) |
| 1 | 37 (21.9) | 19 (11.2) | 18 (10.7) | 12 (18.5) | 8 (12.3) | 4 (6.2) |
| 2 | 10 (5.9) | 7 (4.1) | 3 (1.8) | 5 (7.7) | 1 (1.5) | 4 (6.2) |
| 3 | 6 (3.6) | 5 (3) | 1 (0.6) | 2 (3.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.1) |
| Surgery_Met | ||||||
| No | 144 (85.2) | 72 (42.6) | 72 (42.6) | 55 (84.6) | 25 (38.5) | 30 (46.2) |
| Yes | 25 (14.8) | 9 (5.3) | 16 (9.5) | 10 (15.4) | 7 (10.8) | 3 (4.6) |
TCC transitional cell carcinoma, PUC papillary urothelial carcinoma, SCC small cell carcinoma