Figure 9.

Proposed model of the study. Schematic representation of the proposal that EVs secreted from PKM2-activated T cells promote B-cell pathogenic IgG production. EVs derived from PKM2-null T cells with low ceramide components, especially 16:0 ceramide, were internalized into B cells and then inhibited B-cell IgG antibody production. Antibodies against CD19 and CD63 were loaded onto QDs and combined with PKM2-null TEVs; we fabricated the bionanocomposite QD-EVs and demonstrated their prominent effects as B-cell–targeted nanovectors on HHcy-accelerated pathologic IgG production and atherosclerosis.