Effects of PNE on bone mass and osteogenic differentiation in the adult male offspring. A) Representative micro-CT images of femurs from 2- or 12-wk-old offspring of the control and PNE groups. Scale bar, 500 μm. B) Quantitative micro-CT analysis of the trabecular bone microarchitecture. C) qRT-PCR analysis of the gene expression of osteogenic differentiation markers, including Runx2, BSP, Col1, and OCN, in the bone tissue from PW2 to PW12; n = 8/group. Data are expressed as means ± sem. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with the controls.