TABLE 1.

Effective intervention of functional oligosaccharides to delay or prevent diabetes and its risk factors

Functional oligosaccharide	System	Design	Outcome	Reference
FOS + inulin	Female patients with T2D	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover. Total 27 subjects; 10 g/d for 8 wk	Improvements of glycemic indices, lipid profile, antioxidant status, and MDA; decreases in levels of IFN-γ and high-sensitivity CRP.	116, 36
FOS + probiotics	Patients with T2D	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover. Total 28 subjects; 100 mg/d FOS for 8 wk	Increase of serum calcium and a decreased serum ALT levels	117
GOS	Alloxan-induced diabetic rats	Rats fed GOS supplemented (10% w/w) diet for 42 d	Decreases of blood glucose, lipid profile, serum urea, serum creatinine, and increased level of antioxidative enzymes; increased lactobacillus count in the feces with a concomitant decrease in fecal coliform count	23
α-GOS	Women with overweight	Single-center, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Total 0.88 subjects; 6–18 g/d for 14 d	Reduction in appetite, food intake, and the levels of plasma LPS and CRP	64
GOS	Women with overweight	Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover. Total 45 subjects; 5.5 g/d for 12 wk	Significant decreases in insulin levels, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratio	85

ALT, alanine aminotransferase; MDA, malondialdehyde.