TABLE 2.

Effective intervention of functional oligosaccharides to delay or prevent diabetes and its risk factors

Functional oligosaccharide	System	Design	Outcome	Reference
COS	db/db mice	Mice fed a COS-supplemented (4% w/w) diet for 42 d	Reduction in serum glucose and HbA1c levels, accompanied by inhibiting carbohydrate hydrolysis enzymes (sucrase, maltase, and SI complex)	16
Lactulose	Patients with obesity	8.2 g lactulose/d for 2 d	Decreased mean daytime glucose and insulin	118
OAG	diabetic mice	Mice fed OAG 5–10 mg/kg/d for 21 d	Decreases of blood glucose and lipid profile, including TG, TC, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol	15
SAOS	Dahl salt-sensitive rats	Rats administered SAOS (60 mg/d using a continuous osmotic minipump) for 14 d.	Attenuation of systolic blood pressure and morphologic glomerular damage probably through a direct action on vascular vessels	119
XOS	Adults with prediabetes	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover. Total 18 subjects; 2.8 g/d for 8 wk	Attenuation in 0–2 h OGTT insulin response	120
XOS	Adults with prediabetes	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover. Total 34 subjects; 2 g/d for 8 wk	Decreases in abundance of Howardella, Enterorhabdus, Slackia, and OGTT 2-h insulin levels	31

OAG, oligo-N-acetylglucosamine; SI, sucrose-isomaltase; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerol; VLDL, very LDL.