Table 2. Estimated Rates of Admissions by Diabetes Status and Calendar Year.
| Group | Estimated Rate per 100 Person-Years (95% CI) | P Value for Interactiona | Annual Mean Change in Rates, % (95% CI)b | Year of Change | New Annual Change in Rates, % (95% CI)b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 1998-2001 | 2012-2015 | |||||
| All Hospitalizations | |||||||
| First year after heart failure diagnosis | |||||||
| HF without diabetes | 103.8 (102.2 to 105.4) | 89.7 (86.8 to 92.5) | 110.0 (106.5 to 113.6) | .06 | 4.1 (2.4 to 5.9) | 2004 | 0.2 (−0.4 to 0.8) |
| HF with type 2 diabetes | 145.9 (142.1 to 149.7) | 133.3 (124.0 to 142.7) | 152.5 (145.5 to 159.5) | 0.9 (0.1 to 1.7) | NA | NA | |
| Subsequent years | |||||||
| HF without diabetes | 76.1 (75.2 to 77.1) | 75.3 (73.4 to 77.2) | 71.5 (69.4 to 73.7) | .08 | −0.3 (−0.9 to 0.3) | NA | NA |
| HF with type 2 diabetes | 123.5 (120.7 to 126.3) | 117.6 (110.7 to 124.5) | 108.8 (104.1 to 113.4) | −0.3 (−2.1 to 1.6) | NA | NA | |
| HF Hospitalizations | |||||||
| First year after heart failure diagnosis | |||||||
| HF without diabetes | 16.9 (16.4 to 17.4) | 14.9 (14.0 to 15.9) | 19.4 (18.1 to 20.6) | <.001 | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.3) | NA | NA |
| HF with type 2 diabetes | 25.9 (24.6 to 27.2) | 28.7 (25.0 to 32.5) | 27.5 (25.0 to 29.9) | −2.2 (−3.9 to −0.5) | 2010 | 4.6 (−2.2 to 11.8) | |
| Subsequent years | |||||||
| HF without diabetes | 7.5 (7.3 to 7.8) | 7.4 (7.0 to 7.9) | 7.6 (7.0 to 8.2) | .12 | −0.0 (−0.9 to 0.8) | NA | NA |
| HF with type 2 diabetes | 15.3 (14.5 to 16.1) | 16.7 (14.5 to 18.8) | 14.6 (13.1 to 16.0) | −0.8 (−1.8 to 0.3) | NA | NA | |
| Other-CVD Hospitalizations | |||||||
| First year after heart failure diagnosis | |||||||
| HF without diabetes | 21.7 (21.1 to 22.2) | 18.9 (17.8 to 19.9) | 20.5 (19.3 to 21.7) | .002 | 4.9 (2.1 to 7.8) | 2005 | −2.3 (−3.8 to −0.8) |
| HF with type 2 diabetes | 29.4 (28.1 to 30.7) | 28.1 (24.8 to 31.3) | 26.4 (24.3 to 28.5) | 5.4 (1.6 to 9.4) | 2004 | −3.1 (−4.5 to −1.6) | |
| Subsequent years | |||||||
| HF without diabetes | 11.9 (11.6 to 12.2) | 12.9 (12.4 to 13.4) | 10.1 (9.5 to 10.7) | .046 | −1.5 (−2.2 to −0.8) | NA | NA |
| HF with type 2 diabetes | 19.6 (18.8 to 20.3) | 21.5 (19.5 to 23.5) | 15.1 (13.9 to 16.3) | 1.4 (−0.0 to 2.9) | 2007 | −6.6 (−8.6 to −4.6) | |
| Non-CVD Hospitalizations | |||||||
| First year after heart failure diagnosis | |||||||
| HF without diabetes | 66.5 (65.3 to 67.7) | 55.7 (53.7 to 57.8) | 73.7 (70.9 to 76.4) | .62 | 4.5 (3.4 to 5.6) | 2004 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4) |
| HF with type 2 diabetes | 93.0 (90.2 to 95.8) | 75.2 (68.9 to 81.5) | 104.6 (99.1 to 110.1) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.4) | 2004 | 2.3 (0.9 to 3.6) | |
| Subsequent years | |||||||
| HF without diabetes | 57.2 (56.4 to 58.0) | 54.7 (53.2 to 56.2) | 55.5 (53.7 to 57.4) | .37 | 0.2 (−0.4 to 0.7) | NA | NA |
| HF with type 2 diabetes | 91.2 (89.0 to 93.5) | 80.4 (75.3 to 85.5) | 83.5 (79.7 to 87.4) | 0.6 (−0.8 to 2.0) | NA | NA | |
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; HF, heart failure; NA, not applicable.
a
P value for the difference in trend lines between groups. Estimated by fitting an interaction term between calendar year as a continuous variable and type 2 diabetes status in the negative binomial models also containing age.
b
Mean annual percentage change in rates (per 100 person-years) for each increasing year of diagnosis. Any significant change in the trend line for rates was estimated using joinpoint regression. When present, rates are reported before and after the year of change.