Table 2. Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases According to Depressive Symptoms Status.
| Outcome | Cases, No. | Incidence Rate, per 1000 Person-Years | HR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | |||||
| Depressive symptoms status | |||||
| No symptoms | 727 | 20.55 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Symptomsd | 361 | 29.18 | 1.32 (1.16-1.50) | 1.41 (1.23-1.60) | 1.39 (1.22-1.58) |
| Depressive symptoms scores, quintilee | |||||
| 1 (0-3) | 244 | 18.52 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 2 (4-6) | 205 | 20.41 | 1.08 (0.89-1.29) | 1.12 (0.93-1.35) | 1.08 (0.90-1.31) |
| 3 (7-9) | 162 | 20.35 | 1.05 (0.86-1.28) | 1.10 (0.90-1.35) | 1.10 (0.90-1.34) |
| 4 (10-14) | 224 | 25.19 | 1.27 (1.06-1.52) | 1.37 (1.14-1.65) | 1.34 (1.11-1.62) |
| 5 (15-30) | 253 | 33.02 | 1.62 (1.35-1.93) | 1.82 (1.52-2.19) | 1.75 (1.45-2.11) |
| Heart disease | |||||
| Depressive symptoms status | |||||
| No symptoms | 622 | 17.59 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Symptomsd | 307 | 24.82 | 1.29 (1.13-1.49) | 1.39 (1.21-1.60) | 1.36 (1.18-1.57) |
| Depressive symptoms scores, quintilee | |||||
| 1 (0-3) | 205 | 15.56 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 2 (4-6) | 174 | 17.32 | 1.08 (0.88-1.32) | 1.13 (0.93-1.39) | 1.10 (0.89-1.34) |
| 3 (7-9) | 144 | 18.09 | 1.10 (0.89-1.36) | 1.17 (0.95-1.45) | 1.15 (0.93-1.43) |
| 4 (10-14) | 191 | 21.48 | 1.27 (1.04-1.55) | 1.38 (1.13-1.69) | 1.35 (1.10-1.65) |
| 5 (15-30) | 215 | 28.06 | 1.60 (1.32-1.94) | 1.83 (1.50-2.23) | 1.73 (1.42-2.12) |
| Stroke | |||||
| Depressive symptoms status | |||||
| No symptoms | 125 | 20.55 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Symptomsd | 65 | 29.18 | 1.49 (1.10-2.03) | 1.45 (1.06-1.98) | 1.45 (1.06-1.99) |
| Depressive symptoms scores, quintilee | |||||
| 1 (0-3) | 43 | 18.52 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 2 (4-6) | 37 | 20.41 | 1.13 (0.73-1.75) | 1.13 (0.72-1.75) | 1.11 (0.71-1.72) |
| 3 (7-9) | 25 | 20.35 | 0.95 (0.58-1.55) | 0.94 (0.57-1.54) | 0.96 (0.58-1.58) |
| 4 (10-14) | 41 | 25.19 | 1.43 (0.93-2.19) | 1.39 (0.90-2.15) | 1.39 (0.90-2.16) |
| 5 (15-30) | 44 | 33.02 | 1.78 (1.16-2.72) | 1.71 (1.11-2.66) | 1.69 (1.09-2.64) |
Abbreviation: HR, hazard ratio.
a
Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex.
b
Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, residence, marital status, educational level, smoking status, and drinking status.
c
Model 3 was adjusted as model 2 plus systolic blood pressure and body mass index; history of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease; and use hypertension medications, diabetes medications, and lipid-lowering therapy.
d
Defined as a score of 12 or greater on the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.
e
The depressive symptoms score, measured by the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, varies between 0 to 30, with the highest score representing the highest risk of depressive symptoms.