Table 3. Association Between Specific Depressive Symptoms and Cardiovascular Diseases.
| Itemsa | Symptom, No. (%) | HR (95% CI)b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular Disease | Heart Disease | Stroke | ||
| Bothered by little things | 3936 (31.7) | 1.14 (0.98-1.32) | 1.15 (0.98-1.36) | 1.11 (0.77-1.59) |
| Had trouble concentrating | 3469 (27.9) | 0.93 (0.80-1.08) | 0.95 (0.81-1.11) | 0.78 (1.54-1.13) |
| Felt depressed | 3633 (29.3) | 1.05 (0.89-1.23) | 1.13 (0.95-1.35) | 0.61 (0.40-0.91) |
| Everything was an effort | 3807 (30.7) | 0.94 (0.81-1.09) | 0.91 (0.77-1.08) | 1.03 (0.72-1.48) |
| Did not feel hopeful | 4461 (35.9) | 1.09 (0.95-1.24) | 1.08 (0.93-1.24) | 1.22 (0.89-1.67) |
| Felt fearful | 1184 (9.5) | 1.10 (0.90-1.35) | 1.14 (0.92-1.41) | 0.97 (0.60-1.57) |
| Sleep was restless | 4063 (32.7) | 1.21 (1.06-1.39) | 1.16 (1.01-1.34) | 1.48 (1.08-2.04) |
| Did not feel happy | 3690 (29.7) | 1.11 (0.96-1.28) | 1.10 (0.94-1.29) | 1.11 (0.79-1.57) |
| Felt lonely | 1926 (15.5) | 1.21 (1.02-1.44) | 1.09 (0.90-1.32) | 2.10 (1.43-3.10) |
| Could not get going | 1205 (9.7) | 1.08 (0.88-1.33) | 1.03 (0.83-1.29) | 1.35 (0.86-2.12) |
Abbreviation: HR, hazard ratio.
a
Measured by the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.
b
Model was adjusted for the 10 items of individual depressive symptoms, age, sex, residence, marital status, educational level, smoking status, drinking status, systolic blood pressure, and body mass index; history of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease; and use of hypertension medications, diabetes medications, and lipid-lowering therapy.