Table 2. Event-Level Overdose Characteristics and Attributions by Treatment Group.
| Variable | No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Intramuscular Administration (n = 93) | Intranasal Administration (n = 104) | |
| Location of overdose in MSIC facility | ||
| Stage 1 (reception) | 1 (1.1) | NA |
| Stage 2 (injecting booths) | 84 (90.3) | 93 (89.4) |
| Stage 3 (recovery space) | 8 (8.6) | 11 (10.6) |
| Period | ||
| 1st (up to August 6, 2014) | 52 (55.9) | 61 (58.7) |
| 2nd (from December 8, 2015) | 41 (44.1) | 43 (41.3) |
| Drug reported injected | ||
| Heroin | 56 (60.2) | 65 (62.5) |
| Pharmaceutical opioidsa | 21 (22.6) | 20 (19.2) |
| Fentanyl | 11 (11.8) | 14 (13.5) |
| Methadone | 5 (5.4) | 5 (4.8) |
| Concomitant alcohol useb | ||
| Yes | 20 (23.0) | 27 (27.6) |
| No | 67 (77.0) | 71 (72.4) |
| Current pharmacotherapy (methadone or buprenorphine) | ||
| Yes | 3 (3.2) | 5 (4.8) |
| No | 90 (96.7) | 99 (95.2) |
| Overdose Attribution | ||
| Reduced tolerancec | ||
| Yes | 29 (31.2) | 43 (41.3) |
| No | 64 (68.8) | 61 (58.7) |
| Concurrent CNS depressant use | ||
| Yes | 61 (65.6) | 72 (69.2) |
| No | 32 (34.4) | 32 (30.8) |
| Higher-quality drug | ||
| Yes | 12 (12.9) | 12 (11.5) |
| No | 81 (87.1) | 92 (88.5) |
| Higher-quantity drug | ||
| Yes | 7 (7.5) | 10 (9.6) |
| No | 86 (92.5) | 94 (90.4) |
Abbreviations: CNS, central nervous system; MSIC, Uniting Medically Supervised Injecting Centre; NA, not applicable.
a
Pharmaceutical opioids include morphine and oxycodone.
b
Reported as having been consumed prior to entering facility with some missing data, so the sample size was 185.
c
As described by client during postresuscitation questioning.