Table 1.
Study characteristics by frailty groups
| Total | Robust | Pre‐frail | Frail | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N, % (n) | 100 (1450) | 36.1 (524) | 41.7 (605) | 22.1 (321) | — |
| Females, % (n) | 55.9 (811) | 48.1 (252) | 57.5 (348) | 65.7 (211) | <0.001 # |
| Age, years | 77.5 ± 6.5 | 74.6 ± 5.9a | 78.0 ± 6.0b | 81.4 ± 6.3c | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 70.6 ± 13.7 | 72.0 ± 12.0a | 69.9 ± 14.0b | 69.7 ± 15.5b | 0.012 |
| Height, cm | 160.0 ± 9.6 | 161.5 ± 9.5a | 160.0 ± 9.5b | 157.6 ± 9.6c | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.6 ± 4.6 | 27.6 ± 3.9 | 27.3 ± 4.6 | 28.0 ± 5.6 | 0.066 |
| Smoker, % (n) | 5.0 (73) | 5.6 (29) | 5.6 (34) | 3.1 (10) | 0.209 # |
| MMSE, points | 25.6 ± 4.1 | 26.5 ± 3.1a | 26.1 ± 3.3a | 22.9 ± 5.7b | <0.001 |
All results reported as means ± standard deviation or % (n). BMI, body mass index; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination. Superscript letters indicate statistical significant differences between frailty groups by unadjusted GLM.
#
Differences between frailty groups determined by Pearson's χ2 test. P < 0.05.