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. 2019 Dec 3;10:1110. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01110

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Copyright © 2019 Naylor, Hesam-Shariati, McAuley, Boag, Newton-John, Rae and Gustin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) A plot of mean (±SD) levels of harm avoidance in people with chronic pain and pain-free controls. Percentile scores (red) derived from a standard community sample of 300 normal adult individuals; 84–100%, very high; 67–83.3%, high; 34–66.7%, average; 17–33%, low; 0–16.7%, very low (71). (B) A plot of mean (±SD) depression scores in people with chronic pain and pain-free controls. Cut-off scores (red) of 0–9 indicate minimal depression, 10–18 indicate mild depression, and 19–29 indicate moderate depression (64). (C) A plot of mean (±SD) anxiety scores in people with chronic pain and pain-free controls. A cut-off score (red) of 39–40 has been suggested to detect clinically significant symptoms for state anxiety (61).