Table 2.

Genotype-specific parameters from APSIM that were used in this study, with the lower and upper limits for the simulated population, and the default value of the parameter in the released version of APSIM.

Parameter	APSIM name	Units	Default APSIM	low_lim	high_lim	References
Fraction of leaves senescing per main stem node	fr_lf_sen_rate	[]	0.035	0.028	0.042	(Christopher et al., 2016)
Number of grains per gram of stem at flowering	grains_per_gram_stem	grains $g_{stem}^{-1}$	25	20	25	(Dodig et al., 2012)
Lower limit for water uptake	ll_modifier	[]	1	0.9	1.1	(Manschadi et al., 2006)
Maximum grain size	max_grain_size	mg	0.041	0.03	0.06	(Groos et al., 2003)
Sensitivity to photoperiod	photop_sens	[]	2	1.5	3	(Zheng et al., 2013)
Potential grain filling rate	potential_grain_filling_rate	g grain−1 day−1	0.0025	0.0016	0.0026	(Wang et al., 2009)
Transpiration efficiency coefficient	transp_eff_cf	[]	0.006	0.0045	0.0065	(Fletcher and Chenu, 2015; Fletcher et al., 2018)
Thermal time required to reach floral initiation	tt_floral_initiation	oC d	555	455	555	Within the range of (Zheng et al., 2013)
Sensitivity to vernalization	vern_sens	[]	1.5	1.5	2.5	(Zheng et al., 2013)
Canopy extinction coefficient	y_extinct_coef	[]	0.45	0.4	0.6	(Isidro et al., 2012)
Biomass partitioning to leaf	y_frac_leaf	[]	0.6	0.55	0.65	(Álvaro et al., 2008)
Radiation use efficiency	y_rue	g MJ−1	1.24	1.01	1.4	(Acreche et al., 2009)

For all traits, the marginal Gamma distribution had the following parameters; shape (determining the skewness) k = 1.299 and a rate (inverse scale parameter) b = 13.6, except for photop_sens, tt_floral_initiation and vern_sens, for which k = 0.700 and b = 13.6. When units are indicated with [], it means that the parameter is dimensionless.