Table 3.

Environmental covariables calculated using the phenology of the population mean.

Abbreviation	Description
tmean	Mean of the daily average temperatures (°C) above 0
radmean	Sum of the daily radiation (J cm−2) (Monteith, 1972)
radtemp	Ratio radmean over tmean (Fischer, 1985)
sd	Mean water supply–demand ratio (output from APSIM)
ct	Sum of the daily minimal temperatures <−4°C
ft	Number of days when the daily minimal temperature is ≤0°C
photo_max	Maximum day length
photo_mean	Mean day length

All variables were calculated between sowing to the start of stem elongation (“P1”), the start of stem elongation to heading (“P2”), heading to 10 days after flowering (“P3”), 10 days after flowering to maturity (“P4”), and for the whole growing season (“whole”).