Table 1.

Pediatric studies evaluating recipient human polyomavirus type 1 (BKV) antibody status, viruria, viremia, and/or nephropathy

Authors	Study methodology	Pt. number	Antibody detectable	Method (cutoff titre)	Viruria (BKV)	Method	Viremia (BKV)	Method	PVAN (BKV)
Alexander et al. [14]	Retrospective KT	52	N/A		19%	EM *	13%	PCR + RED	7.7%
Ginevri et al. [15]	Retrospective KT	100	70%	HIA (pos ≥ 1:40)	26%	Nested PCR	5%	Nested PCR	3%
Haysom et al. [16]	Prospective KT case control (age matched 1:1)	18	56% (39%)	IF IgG (pos ≥ 1:10)	33% (39%)	PCR + hybridization	6% (0%)	PCR + hybridization	0%
Herman et al. [17]	Prospective	46	N/A		20	Quantitative PCR	11%	Quantitative PCR	4.3%
Hymes et al. [36]	Prospective	122	N/A		N/A		16%	Quantitative PCR	6.6%
Muller et al. [37]	Cross-sectional KT, controls (KD, n = 35) (KDI, n = 7)	38	N/A		18% (KD 0%) (KDI 0%)	Nested PCR + RED	5% (KD 0%) (KDI 14%)	Nested PCR	3%
Smith et al. [26]	Retrospective, histology workup for PVAN	192	N/A (subgroup of PVAN)	BKV VLP (17%)	N/A	Quantitative PCR (100%)	N/A	Quantitative PCR (100%)	3.5%

PVAN polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, N/A not available, EM electron microscopy, PCR polymerase chain reaction, RED restriction enzyme digestion, KT kidney transplantation, HIA hemagglutination inhibition assay, IF indirect immunofluorescence (cell culture conditions not indicated), KD kidney disease, KDI kidney disease treated with immunosuppression, VLP virus-like particles, Pt patient, *requires > 10⁶ particles per ml and does not distinguish between BKV and JC virus