Table 2.

Main results.

Model	Variables	${\mathrm{MSE}}_{\mathrm{y}}$	$\mathrm{ATE}$
Regression	$t$	2.74	1.02
Regression	$t,x^{\prime },z^{\prime }$	1.39	0.65
Regression*	$t,z^{\prime }$	1.99	1.00
BiasedNet	$t,image$	1.83	0.66
CausalNet	$t,a_j^k\left(j>1\right)$	2.23	1.02

Mean squared error for survival (MSE_y) along with estimated average treatment effect (ATE). The linear regression metrics are the expected outcomes according to whether or not the model conditions on the collider $x$. Regression* is the optimal value for our setup: (1) predicting the outcome based on relevant prognostic information from the image while (2) retaining a valid estimate of the treatment effect. All metrics were calculated on the validation set