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. 2019 Dec 10;9:18738. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55373-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Examples of nodules in initial and F/U CXRs not detected by the four algorithms. (a) Initial CXR is shown at the top and F/U CXR is at the bottom. (b) Nodule mask corresponding to the top of (a). The mass is located in the right upper diaphragm. (c–f) Mass detection in initial and F/U CXRs (top and bottom, respectively) by Mask R-CNN, RetinaNet, eDenseYOLO, and ASPP U-Net, respectively.